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额尔齐斯河

额尔齐斯河
流經鄂木斯克的额尔齐斯河
额尔齐斯河流域
流域
源頭 
 - 位置阿尔泰山
河口鄂毕河
面積1,643,000平方公里(634,000平方英里)
流經国家 俄羅斯
 哈萨克斯坦
 中国
 蒙古国
本貌
長度4,248公里(2,640英里)
地图

额尔齐斯河卫拉特语ᡄᠷᡔᡅᠱᡄᠷᡔᡅᠰ哈薩克語Ертiс өзені羅馬化:Ertıs özenı;俄語:река́ Ирты́ш羅馬化:reká Irtýsh),古称曳咥河也儿石河也儿的石河也里的石河葉兒的石河也里的失河清代也稱得益河,主源发源于阿尔泰山东南部的新疆富蕴县,是中国唯一的北冰洋水系河流。额尔齐斯河上游有2大河源,分別是库依尔特河和喀依尔特河。库依尔特河发源于新疆富蕴县的托依克达热斯、沃依塔斯腾达热斯和札班达拉斯。喀依尔特河发源于新疆富蕴县阿斯道恰。库依尔特河和喀依尔特河在可可托海水库汇合后成为额尔齐斯河,一路上将喀拉额尔齐斯河克兰河布尔津河、哈巴河、别列则克河阿拉克别克河等右岸支流汇入后,在中国境内全长593公里,出国境后流入哈萨克斯坦斋桑泊,继续北流进入俄罗斯,最后在汉特-曼西斯克城附近汇入鄂毕河。额尔齐斯河全长4248公里,流域面积164.3万平方公里。

沿岸城市

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流經巴甫洛達爾的额尔齐斯河

该河自南向北流经的主要城市包括:

經濟利用

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额尔齐斯河是一條可通航的河流,中国境内干流建有可可托海水电站、喀腊塑克水电站、吉勒布拉克水电站英语Jilebulake_Dam哈巴河山口水电站英语Haba_River_Shankou_Dam等發電設施[1][2],以及修建输水工程“引额济克工程”。

哈萨克斯坦境内干流建有三座大型水电站:

1960年代,蘇聯曾計劃將额尔齐斯河的河水引入烏玆別克斯坦和哈薩克斯坦以緩解兩地缺水問題。[3]1972年建成的额尔齐斯-卡拉干达运河英语Irtysh–Karaganda Canal调水工程,全长458km,设计年调水22.3亿立方米。中國則在1987年挖出一條小運河將該河河水引入逐漸乾涸的乌伦古湖[4]。20世紀末的引额济克工程則規模更加龐大。中國用水量的大幅增加使得俄羅斯和哈薩克等國家產生不安[5][6]

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Xinjiang Kalasuke 140MW Hydroelectric Project
  2. ^ 考察调研组专家考察在建的喀腊塑克水利枢纽工程页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 2010-08-05
  3. ^ Skornyakova, V. A.; Timasheva, I. Ye., The possible environmental impact of the anti-Irtysh and problems of rational nature management, Soviet Geography, 1980, 21 (10) [2017-04-14], doi:10.1080/00385417.1980.10640361, (原始内容存档于2021-07-08) 
  4. ^ Petr, T. (编), Fish and Fisheries at Higher Altitudes: Asia, Issue 385 of FAO fisheries technical paper, ISSN 0429-9345, Food & Agriculture Org.: 257, 1999 [2017-04-14], ISBN 9251043094, (原始内容存档于2020-11-16)  (An English translation of the original paper published in the Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta in 1979).
  5. ^ KAZAKHSTAN: ENVIRONMENTALISTS SAY CHINA MISUSING CROSS-BORDER RIVERS页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). By Gulnoza Saidazimova, 7/16/2006.
  6. ^ Sievers, Eric W., Transboundary Jurisdiction and Watercourse Law: China, Kazakhstan and the Irtysh (PDF), Texas International Law Journal, 2002, 37 (1) [2017-04-14], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-09-21) 

外部連接

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额尔齐斯河
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