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鞍點

的鞍點在 (0,0)

鞍點(英語:Saddle point)指一個非局部極值點駐點。鞍點這詞語來自於不定二次型的二維圖形,像個馬鞍:在x-軸方向往上曲,在y-軸方向往下曲。

数学描述

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廣義而說,一個光滑函數曲線曲面超曲面)的鞍點鄰域的曲線、曲面或超曲面,都位於马鞍点點的切線的不同邊。

检验

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检验二元实函数F(x,y)的驻点是不是鞍点的一个简单的方法,是计算函数在这个点的黑塞矩阵:如果該矩陣行列式小于0,则该点就是鞍点。例如,函数在驻点黑塞矩阵是:

此矩阵有两个特征值2,-2。它的行列式小於0,因此,这个点是鞍点。然而,这个条件只是充分条件,例如,对于函数是一个鞍点,但函数在原点的黑塞矩阵零矩阵,并不小於0。

对于一般的多元函数,点是鞍点的必要条件是该点的黑塞矩阵不定。

性质

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的鞍點在 (0,0),不过一維鞍點看起來並不像馬鞍

在一維空間裏,鞍點是駐點,也是反曲點。因為函數圖形在鞍點由凸轉凹,或由凹轉凸,鞍點不是區域性極點

设一個只有一個變數的函數。這函數在鞍點的一次導數等於零,二次導數換正負符號·例如,函數 就有一個鞍點在原點。

兩座山中間的鞍點(雙紐線的交叉點)

设一個擁有兩個以上變數的函數。它的曲面在鞍點好像一個馬鞍,在某些方向往上曲,在其他方向往下曲。在一幅等高線圖裏,一般來說,當兩個等高線圈圈相交叉的地點,就是鞍點。例如,兩座山中間的山口就是一個鞍點。

参见

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参考文献

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鞍點
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