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革兰氏阴性菌

革兰氏阴性的铜绿假单胞菌(粉紅色棒状)

革兰氏阴性菌(英語:Gram-negative bacteria)泛指革兰氏染色反应呈红色的细菌。在革兰氏染色实验中,首先添加了結晶紫,再添入另一种复染染料(通常使用番红),从而将所有的革兰氏阴性菌染成红色粉色。通过这种测试我们可以区分两种细胞壁结构不同的细菌。[1]革兰氏阳性菌在反应后的除色溶液中将呈现結晶紫的颜色。相較於革蘭氏陽性菌,陰性菌通常會導致人類疾病——例如最具代表性的大腸桿菌

革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁中肽聚糖含量低,而脂类含量高。当用乙醇处理时,脂类物质溶解,细胞壁通透性增强,使結晶紫极易被乙醇抽出而脱色;再度染上复染液番红的时候,便呈现红色了。

革兰氏阴性菌的病原能力通常与其细胞壁组成相关,更具体而言為其脂多糖层。在人体中,脂多糖可以激发一种先天免疫系統,这种反应的特徵包括细胞素制造和免疫系统活化等。例如红肿就是细胞素产生并释放导致的。因為在革蘭氏陰性菌細胞壁的脂多醣,所以大多數或舊型的抗生素都不能有效抑制此類細菌。

特征

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Gram-negative 革兰氏阴性菌的结构
Gram-negative 革兰氏阴性菌与革兰氏阳性菌结构对比

以下为革兰氏阴性菌的特征:

  1. 细胞膜
  2. 肽聚糖薄层,比革兰氏阳性菌要薄得多
  3. 外层膜(outer membrane),是在肽聚糖层之外的膜,内含有脂多糖核糖O抗原
  4. 外层膜中还有孔蛋白,允许特定的分子通过
  5. 周质(periplasmic space): 指肽聚糖层和外层膜之间的空间
  6. S层直接与外层膜相连,而非肽聚糖层
  7. 如果有鞭毛,表毛有四个支撑环而不是两个
  8. 没有磷壁酸或者脂壁酸
  9. 多糖骨架上有脂蛋白
  10. 大多数革兰氏阴性菌中含有胞壁质脂蛋白(Braun's lipoprotein),其作用为通过共价键连接外层膜和多糖
  11. 绝大多数革兰氏阴性菌非孢子生殖,除了极少数例外(伯氏考克斯体(Coxiella burnetii)除外)
  12. 一些革兰氏阴性菌释放脂多糖

参考文献

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  1. ^ Baron S, Salton MRJ, Kim KS. Structure. Baron S; et al (编). Baron's Medical Microbiology 4th. Univ of Texas Medical Branch. 1996 [2015-02-08]. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. PMID 21413343. (原始内容存档于2009-02-09). 

参见

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外部連結

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革兰氏阴性菌
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