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荷质比

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由于磁场的影响,电子射束的移动路径呈圆形。电子经过的路径会有紫色光发射出来。这是因为电子与玻璃球内的气体分子碰撞而产生的现象。

荷质比又称比荷、比电荷,是一个带电粒子所带电荷与其质量之比,其单位为C/kg。计算时,粒子无论带何种电荷,应一律代入正值计算。

电子电荷和电子静止质量的比值(电子比荷)为电子基本常量之一,可通过磁聚焦法、磁控管法、湯姆森法及双电容法等进行测定。2014年,科学技术数据委员会(CODATA)对于电子比荷的推荐值是 C/kg[1]。质子比荷的值为C/kg,一般计算中取C/kg.

陰極射線β射線等帶負電粒子的之值相同。1897年,約瑟夫·湯姆森透过测定阴极射线在磁場和電場的偏轉,獲得電子的電荷對質量的比值,且電子在帶電粒子中具有最大质荷比。1901年,沃尔特·考夫曼发现β射线(高速电子流)的荷质比随速度增大而减小,由于电子电荷守恒,因此实验表明电子的质量随速度的增加而增加。这一结果也成为狭义相对论的实验基础之一。

在某些领域,質荷比()也常被使用,这是荷質比的倒数。

质谱分析中,当加速电压与电场强度恒定时,粒子运行轨迹半径与质荷比成正比,即 r∝√m/q

参阅

参考资料

  1. ^ NIST. CODATA Value: electron charge to mass quotient. physics.nist.gov. [2018-07-14]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-15). 
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荷质比
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