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双马童

双马童

双马童梵语:अश्विन;IASTaśvin,音译为阿史文,字面意思为“驯者”,按另一些解释,则为“马所生的”)是婆罗门教-印度教中的一对双子

双马童主要是吠陀神,关于他们的出身有许多种互相矛盾的说法,后期的说法就更加混乱。据梨俱吠陀记载,双马童是云之女神娑朗由(陀湿多之女)和太阳神苏利耶的一对儿子。值得注意的是,与娑朗由结婚的太阳神是毗婆薮,他被认为是苏利耶的另一个形象;但在原始神话中,毗婆薮与苏利耶未必是同一个人。双马童在吠陀经典里是象征着日出日落的神,是一对容貌俊美的青年,于每天黎明时乘坐金车驶过天空。在吠陀里,双马童也是驱逐病痛的神医,并且惩治恶徒。吠陀经常提到他们救起一个落水者的故事。双马童似乎总是兄弟两人一起行动。公元前5世纪古印度语言学家耶斯迦说,他们一个是黑夜之子,一个是黎明之子。

双马童是吠陀时代雅利安人最崇拜的大神之一。梨俱吠陀中共有376处提到他们的名字;有57首颂歌是专门献给双马童的(1.3,1.22,1.34,1.46-47,1.112,1.116-120,1.157-158,1.180-184,2.20,3.58,4.43-45,5.73-78,6.62-63,7.67-74,8.5,8.8-10,8.22,8.26,8.35,8.57,8.73,8.85-87,10.24,10.39-41,10.143),这在梨俱吠陀中是个庞大的数字,仅次于因陀罗阿耆尼苏摩。在吠陀颂歌中提到一个关于双马童的著名神话。食乳仙人决心冒死向双马童传授被因陀罗独占的“蜂蜜奥义”。因陀罗大怒,发誓要砍掉仙人的脑袋。但双马童两兄弟想出一个计策。他们用一个马头换下了食乳仙人的头,结果因陀罗为履行誓言,只好把马头砍掉。双马童再将仙人的头安回,于是成功地学到了蜂蜜奥义[1]。广林奥义书也讲述了相同的故事。

大史诗摩诃婆罗多里保存了许多关于双马童的传说。实际上,般度五子(他们都是由天神所感生的)中年龄最小的两人无种偕天是双马童的儿子;与他们的真正父亲一样,无种和偕天也是一对双胞胎

在中亞古代雅利安人聚居的洞穴,仍然可發現不少繪有雙馬童的壁畫。相傳雙馬童信仰亦為現世馬頭觀音的原型。

注释

[编辑]
  1. ^ 《梨俱吠陀》,第一卷116首

参考文献

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双马童
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