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雀替

故宫太和门清式雀替
大门上的雀替
韓國昌慶宮的雀替
韓國德壽宮靜觀軒的雀替
龙门雀替

雀替又稱插角,是東亞傳統建築中的特殊构件,指置于梁枋下与立柱相交的短木,可以缩短梁枋得净跨距离,防止梁枋与立柱之间角度变形。也用在柱间的落挂下,但是为纯装饰性构件。雀替不是插角.插角是閩南匠師習慣的稱法,多數用透雕,直接嵌入柱內,並不承接結構功能.而雀替是北方宮殿式建築的作法,不會做成鏤空透雕,安裝時由柱挖洞,從上方嵌入固定,可承接樑枋,具有穩定結構的功能.雖然二者在位置相同,但其功能目的並不一樣,故不能等同視之.

宋代李诫营造法式》称雀替为绰幕:“檐头下绰幕方广减檐额三分之一,出柱长至补间”[1] 雀替也象征等级,广亮大门金柱大门等较高等级的大门才有雀替,等级较低的蛮子门上则无雀替。

中國的雀替有七类:

  1. 大雀替:立柱左右雀替相连,由一根整木制成,放在柱头上。
  2. 龙门雀替:用在牌楼,下有梓头承托。
  3. 雀替:典型清式雀替,如故宫太和门雀替。
  4. 小雀替:形短而小,用于屋内。
  5. 通雀替:多用于宋代屋内。
  6. 骑马雀替:两立柱间距太短时,两雀替相连合而为一,称为骑马雀替。
  7. 花牙子:纯作装饰用。

宋元雀替上多涂彩画,但没有雕刻;清代雀替既有彩画,也有雕刻。[2]

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ 李诫营造法式》 五卷 《阑额》 98页 中国书局 ISBN 7-80568-974-1/K
  2. ^ 《梁思成全集》 第六卷 《雀替简说》 393-397页
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雀替
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