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陳音 (越國).
陳音(?—?),中國春秋晚期楚國人,善於射擊,由范蠡引薦給越王勾踐。
他向勾踐教授了弓弩射擊的原理以及作用並兼以聖人教誨,因而為越王所用,令其教授越國人弩射之道,在國都北郊訓練軍隊,訓練三個月後越國的軍隊學會了弩射。陳音死後,勾踐十分悲傷,將其葬在國都以西的山上,這座山後來也被叫做「陳音山」(在今中华人民共和国浙江省紹興市區西南)。[1]
陳音在教授勾踐時所引用的《彈歌》,又称《断竹歌》《作弹歌》《竹弹谣》,單用“断竹,续竹,飞土,逐害”八字反映了远古社会生活,被認為是中國歷史上最早的二言詩歌,在中国音乐史[2]和中国文学史[3]上有极大价值。
- ^ 《吴越春秋·勾践阴谋外传第九》:于是范蠡复进善射者陈音。音,楚人也。越王请音而问曰:"孤闻子善射,道何所生?"音曰:"臣,楚之鄙人,尝步于射术,未能悉知其道。"越王曰:"然愿子一二其辞。"音曰:"臣闻弩生于弓,弓生于弹,弹起古之孝子。"越王曰:"孝子弹者柰何?"音曰:"古者人民朴质,饥食鸟兽,渴饮雾露,死则裹以白茅,投于中野。孝子不忍见父母为禽兽所食,故作弹以守之,绝鸟兽之害。故歌曰:"断竹,续竹,飞土,逐害"之谓也。于是神农皇帝弦木为弧,剡木为矢,弧矢之利,以威四方。黄帝之后,楚有弧父。弧父者,生于楚之荆山,生不见父母,为儿之时,习用弓矢,所射无脱。以其道传于羿,羿传逄蒙,逄蒙传于楚琴氏,琴氏以为弓矢不足以威天下。当是之时,诸侯相伐,兵刃交错,弓矢之威不能制服。琴氏乃横弓著臂,施机设枢,加之以力,然后诸侯可服。琴氏传之楚三侯,所谓句亶、鄂、章,人号麋侯、翼侯、魏侯也。自楚之三侯传至灵王,自称之楚累世,盖以桃弓棘矢而备邻国也。自灵王之后,射道分流,百家能人用莫得其正。臣前人受之于楚,五世于臣矣。臣虽不明其道,惟王试之。"越王曰:"弩之状何法焉?"陈音曰:"郭为方城,守臣子也;教为人君,命所起也;牙为执法,守吏卒也;牛为中将,主内裹也;关为守御,检去止也;锜为侍从,听人主也;臂为道路,通所使也;弓为将军,主重负也;弦为军师,御战士也;矢为飞客,主教使也;金为实敌,往不止也;卫为副使,正道里也;又为受教,知可否也;缥为都尉,执左右也。敌为百死,不得骇也,鸟不及飞,兽不暇走,弩之所向,无不死也,臣之愚劣,道悉如此。"越王曰:"愿闻正射之道。"音曰:"臣闻正射之道,道众而微。古之圣人射,弩未发而前名其所中。臣未能如古之圣人,请悉其要。夫射之道,身若戴板,头若激卵,左蹉,右足横,左手若附枝,右手若抱儿,举弩望敌,翕心咽烟,与气俱发,得其和平,神定思去,去止分离,右手发机,左手不知,一身异教,岂况雄雌?此正射持弩之道也。""愿闻望敌仪表,投分飞矢之道。"音曰:"夫射之道,从分望敌,合以参连。弩有斗石,矢有轻重,石取一两,其数乃平,远近高下,求之铢分。道要在斯,无有遗言。"越王曰:"善。尽子之道,愿子悉以教吾国人。"音曰:"道出于天,事在于人,人之所习,无有不神。"于是乃使陈音教士习射于北郊之外,三月,军士皆能用弓弩之巧。陈音死,越王伤之,葬于国西,号其葬所曰陈音山。
- ^ 刘正国. 《弹歌》本为“孝歌”考. 音乐研究. 2004, (3): 37–44.
- ^ 刘运好. 《弹歌》杂考. 文学遗产. 2010, (6): 127–128.
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