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阿扎那韦

阿扎那韦
臨床資料
读音/ˌætəˈzænəvɪər/ AT-ə-ZAN-ə-veer[1]
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureReyataz, Evotaz, others[2]
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa603019
核准狀況
懷孕分級
给药途径By mouth
ATC碼
法律規範狀態
法律規範
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度60-68%
血漿蛋白結合率86%
药物代谢Liver (CYP3A4-mediated)
生物半衰期6.5 hours
排泄途徑Fecal and kidney
识别信息
  • methyl N-[(1S)-1-{[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(2S)-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-N'-{[4-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl]methyl}butanehydrazido]-1-phenylbutan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2,2-dimethylpropyl]carbamate
CAS号198904-31-3  checkY
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
NIAID ChemDB
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.243.594 編輯維基數據鏈接
化学信息
化学式C38H52N6O7
摩尔质量704.87 g·mol−1
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
  • O=C(OC)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)[C@@H](O)CN(NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)OC)C(C)(C)C)Cc3ccc(c2ncccc2)cc3)C(C)(C)C
  • InChI=1S/C38H52N6O7/c1-37(2,3)31(41-35(48)50-7)33(46)40-29(22-25-14-10-9-11-15-25)30(45)24-44(43-34(47)32(38(4,5)6)42-36(49)51-8)23-26-17-19-27(20-18-26)28-16-12-13-21-39-28/h9-21,29-32,45H,22-24H2,1-8H3,(H,40,46)(H,41,48)(H,42,49)(H,43,47)/t29-,30-,31+,32+/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:AXRYRYVKAWYZBR-GASGPIRDSA-N checkY

阿扎那韦(英语:Atazanavir)以Reyataz等品牌销售,是一种用于治疗艾滋病抗逆转录病毒药物[2]它通常被建议与其他抗逆转录病毒药物一起使用。[2]它可用于针刺伤害或其他潜在暴露后的预防。[2]这个药需要每天口服一次。[2]

常见的副作用包括头痛、恶心、皮肤发黄、腹痛、睡眠困难和发烧。[2]严重的副作用包括皮疹,如多形红斑和高血糖[2]阿扎那韦可以在怀孕期间安全使用。[2]它属于蛋白酶抑制剂类,通过阻断HIV蛋白酶起作用。[2]

阿扎那韦于2003年在美国被批准用于医疗用途。[2]它是世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单中的一种药。[4]截至2017年,Teva制药公司在美国生产了一个通用版本。[5]

医疗用途

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两粒Reyataz 200毫克胶囊

阿扎那韦用于治疗艾滋病毒。阿扎那韦的疗效已在许多精心设计的HAART初治和HAART经验成人试验中进行了评估。[6]

阿扎那韦与其他蛋白酶抑制剂的区别在于它对脂质谱的影响较小,并且似乎不太可能引起脂肪营养不良。可能与其他蛋白酶抑制剂有一些交叉耐药性。[2]当使用利托那韦加强治疗时,其效力与洛匹那韦相当,可用于具有一定程度耐药性的人的抢救治疗,尽管使用利托那韦加强治疗会降低阿扎那韦的代谢优势。[需要可靠醫學來源]

怀孕

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在服用阿扎那韦的孕妇中没有发现有害的证据。它是以前未服用过HIV药物的孕妇首选的HIV药物之一。[7]在观察到的2500多名活产婴儿中,它与任何出生缺陷无关。阿扎那韦导致更好的胆固醇分布,并证实它是怀孕期间的安全选择。[7]

阿扎那韦禁用于既往有超敏反应(如史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征、多形红斑或药疹)的患者。此外,阿扎那韦不应与阿夫唑嗪利福平伊立替康、鲁拉西酮、匹莫齐特三唑仑、口服咪达唑仑麦角衍生物、西沙必利、贯叶连翘、洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀西地那非、茚地那韦或奈韦拉平合用。[8]

副作用

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常见的副作用包括:恶心黄疸皮疹头痛腹痛呕吐失眠、周围神经系统症状、头晕肌肉疼痛腹泻抑郁发烧[8]阿扎那韦通常会无症状地升高血液中的胆红素水平,但有时会导致黄疸。

作用机制

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阿扎那韦与HIV蛋白酶的活性位点结合,阻止其将病毒蛋白的前体切割成病毒的工作机制。[9]如果HIV蛋白酶不起作用,病毒就没有传染性,也就不会产生成熟的病毒粒子。[10][11]阿扎肽药物被设计为肽链底物的类似物,HIV蛋白酶会正常切割成活性病毒蛋白。更具体地说,阿扎那韦是过渡态的结构类似物,在此期间苯丙氨酸和脯氨酸之间的键被破坏。[12][13]人类没有任何可以破坏苯丙氨酸脯氨酸之间的键,因此这种药物不会针对人体酶。

配方

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阿扎那韦有150毫克胶囊、200毫克胶囊、300毫克胶囊和50毫克口服粉包。[8]300毫克胶囊应减少药丸负担,因为一粒300毫克胶囊可替代两粒150毫克胶囊。阿扎那韦的纳米制剂正在灵长类动物中与蛋白酶抑制剂增强剂,利托那韦和NtRTI替诺福韦一起进行长效治疗测试。[14]

参考资料

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  1. ^ Atazanavir. MedlinePlus. National Institutes of Health. October 15, 2012 [August 3, 2013]. (原始内容存档于August 2, 2013). 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Atazanavir Sulfate. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [28 November 2016]. (原始内容存档于20 December 2016). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Atazanavir (Reyataz) Use During Pregnancy. Drugs.com. 27 February 2020 [15 September 2020]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-01). 
  4. ^ World Health Organization. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. hdl:10665/325771可免费查阅. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 
  5. ^ Teva Announces Exclusive Launch of a Generic Version of Reyataz® in the United States. www.businesswire.com. 2017-12-27 [2021-09-29]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-04) (英语). 
  6. ^ Croom, KF; Dhillon, S; Keam, SJ. Atazanavir: A Review of its Use in the Management of HIV-1 Infection. Drugs. 2009, 69 (8): 1107–1140. PMID 19496633. doi:10.2165/00003495-200969080-00009. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 What's New in the Guidelines? | Adult and Adolescent ARV Guidelines. AIDSinfo. [2016-11-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-15). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Reyataz Package Insert (PDF). Drugs@FDA. Food and Drug Administration. September 2016 [November 10, 2016]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于November 11, 2016). 
  9. ^ Atazanavir. DrugBank. 9 November 2016. (原始内容存档于9 November 2016). 
  10. ^ Kohl, NE; Emini, EA; Schleif, WA; Davis, LJ; Heimbach, JC; Dixon, RA; Scolnick, EM; Sigal, IS. Active human immunodeficiency virus protease is required for viral infectivity.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1 July 1988, 85 (13): 4686–4690. Bibcode:1988PNAS...85.4686K. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 280500可免费查阅. PMID 3290901. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.13.4686可免费查阅. 
  11. ^ Lv, Z; Chu, Y; Wang, Y. HIV protease inhibitors: a review of molecular selectivity and toxicity.. HIV/AIDS: Research and Palliative Care. 2015, 7: 95–104. PMC 4396582可免费查阅. PMID 25897264. doi:10.2147/HIV.S79956. 
  12. ^ Graziani, Amy L (June 17, 2014). "HIV protease inhibitors". UpToDate.
  13. ^ Bold, G; Fässler, A; Capraro, HG; Cozens, R; Klimkait, T; Lazdins, J; Mestan, J; Poncioni, B; Rösel, J; Stover, D; Tintelnot-Blomley, M; Acemoglu, F; Beck, W; Boss, E; Eschbach, M; Hürlimann, T; Masso, E; Roussel, S; Ucci-Stoll, K; Wyss, D; Lang, M. New Aza-Dipeptide Analogues as Potent and Orally Absorbed HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors: Candidates for Clinical Development. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. August 1998, 41 (18): 3387–3401. PMID 9719591. doi:10.1021/jm970873c. 
  14. ^ Perazzolo S, Shireman LM, McConnachie LA, Koehn J, Shen DD, Ho RJ. Three HIV drugs, atazanavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir, co-formulated in drug-combination nanoparticles exhibit long-acting and lymphocyte-targeting properties in nonhuman primates. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Dec 2018, 107 (12): 3153–3162. PMC 6553477可免费查阅. PMID 30121315. doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.032. 

外部链接

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  • Atazanavir. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. [2022-09-29]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-29). 
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阿扎那韦
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