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阿合馬

阿合馬波斯語احمد بناکتی‎,羅馬化Ahmad Fanākatī,?—1282年4月10日),元朝色目人元世祖忽必烈時的近臣之一,出生於費納喀忒(今烏茲別克境內费尔干纳),官至宰相

生平

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早年生平不詳,只知他是察必皇后的父親按陳那顏的陪嫁奴隸。史載世祖中統2年(1261年),阿合馬出任上都同知,三年領中書左右部,兼都轉運使。至元元年(1264年),升至中書平章政事,主政十多年。至元十四年(1277年),他任用侄子别都鲁丁中书省参知政事

阿合馬在位期間主要掌理財政,他以清理戶口、推行專賣制度、發行鈔票(時稱交鈔)等方式來增加收入,元征服南宋之後,他又在江南實行發鈔和藥材限制專賣政策,使元初的財政收入大為增加。但他種種財政措施引起其他大臣不滿,武官王著聯絡僧人高和尚,趁世祖北往上都(今內蒙古境內)時,假傳真金太子之命召喚留守大都的阿合馬,然後設計將阿合馬刺殺而死,事後王著等人獲罪被捕殺。

但之後眾大臣紛紛上書,力言阿合馬所為多不法,經忽必烈調查後亦數阿合馬之罪,不但沒收其家產,殺其黨羽,還剖開阿合馬之棺槨車裂其屍。

地位

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傳統史家對阿合馬之評價都相當負面,如《元史》就把阿合馬收錄於「姦臣傳」裡面,有「益肆貪橫」、「內通貨賄,外示刑威」這些話。然而隨著研究深入,後世對阿合馬之評價也不再極端,蓋因阿合馬在任內主要是改革稅制,整頓財政。當時正值元初,汉人南人地位较低,出任宰相的是色目人,其後不管證據虛實都會被視為貪橫暴虐。再者,阿合馬進行的所謂「改革」,其根本原因是因忽必烈長年對外征戰、國庫空虛導致。而他的繼任人不論是漢人盧世榮、或是藏人桑哥,也遇到與阿合馬一樣的悲劇。

馬可波羅遊記》中也有詳細記載這事,並指出事件是民族與宗教問題引起。

外部連結

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阿合馬
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