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開放

開放是一個整體概念或哲學,特點是強調透明度英语transparency (behavior)和自由,無限制地獲取任何知識和自由訊息[1]秘密可說是開放的相反。[1]

用於政府

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開放政府是一種執政的原則,它認為公民有權取得任何政府文件,以便有效地公開監督政府[2],即公民有權知道政府一切的運作和活動[3],由於可信賴的信息是責任政治的必要條件,自由地取得政府的訊息也有助於保障其他權利。[3]

用於創作

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開放內容是指人們可以不受限制地使用、修改、發布創作品[4][5][6],此概念源自於開放代源碼,但後者僅用於資訊科技中。[7]

用於學術

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開放獲取是指不限制經過同行評審的學術研究的在線訪問。開放獲取主要針對學術期刊文章,但也在提供越來越多的論文[8]、書籍章節[9]和學術著作[10]

用於資訊科技

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開放原始碼是資訊科技系統中所提供的功能,特點在於可互操作性、可移植性和可擴展性[11],這使得生產模組、通訊管道、互動社群獲得改善。

參考來源

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Peters, Michael. The Idea of Openness: Open Education and Education for Openness. The Encyclopaedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory. [1 May 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014年5月1日). 
  2. ^ Lathrop, Daniel; Ruma, Laurel (编). Open Government: Transparency, Collaboration and Participation in Practice. O'Reilly Media. February 2010 [2017-04-26]. ISBN 978-0-596-80435-0. (原始内容存档于2020-08-19). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Birkinshaw, Patrick. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND OPENNESS: FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS?. Administrative Law Review: 177–218. [1 May 2014]. [永久失效連結]
  4. ^ Definition of Free Cultural Works. [8 December 2011]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-18). 
  5. ^ Stallman, Richard. Free Software and Free Manuals. Free Software Foundation. November 13, 2008 [March 22, 2009]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-15). 
  6. ^ Grossman, Lev. New Free License to Cover Content Online. Netly News. 1998-07-18 [2010-01-12]. (原始内容存档于2000-06-19). 
  7. ^ Wiley, David. Open Content. OpenContent.org. 1998 [2012-04-17]. (原始内容存档于1999-01-28). 
  8. ^ Schöpfel, Joachim; Prost, Helene. Degrees of secrecy in an open environment. The case of electronic theses and dissertations. ESSACHESS – Journal for Communication Studies. 2013, 6 (2) [2017-04-26]. ISSN 1775-352X. (原始内容存档于2014-01-01). 
  9. ^ Suber, Peter. "Open Access Overview"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Earlham.edu. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
  10. ^ Meredith Schwartz. Directory of Open Access Books Goes Live. Library Journal. April 13, 2012 [2017-04-26]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-04). 
  11. ^ Steven, Vettermann. Code of Openness. CPO. ProSTEP iViP. [10 January 2017]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-06). 
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開放
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