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里甲

里甲為14世紀創立之中國戶籍單位或行政區劃,後來轉為繇役組織或體制。日本後來仿造此制度,亦在台灣實施。視為保正制度之濫觴。至今仍為台灣最小之行政區劃,不過繇役功能已喪失,僅維持部分衛生治安的功能。

簡介

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14世紀中期,正值元末明初,中國因為戰亂,戶籍散失。1368年,中國明朝皇帝朱元璋命令地方長官及總兵收集元政府的戶口版籍,其後更編修黃冊魚鱗圖冊。而此里甲制度,最大功能在於分配繇役及按丁納稅等。隨著明代賦役制度的變遷,因戶籍資料造假,虛報失真,該制度於明末漸趨末微。16世紀之明朝內閣首輔張居正則以一條鞭法取代。

規定

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依照黃冊魚鱗圖冊,此兩戶籍資料,將中國地域相鄰的110戶人家,編為一「里」,里轄十「甲」,一「甲」共十戶。一「里」中,有十個「里長戶」,以及分屬十個甲的「甲首戶」,共一百個。其每一戶里長直轄一。每一年,都由一個里長戶以及相應的十個甲首戶,去承担繇役。十年為之一輪繇役[1]

參見

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参考書目

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  1. ^ 李新峰. 論明初里甲的輪役方式 (PDF). 明代研究. 2010年6月, (第十四期) (中文(臺灣)). [永久失效連結]

研究書目

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  • 中島樂章著,郭萬平等譯:《明代鄉村糾紛與秩序》(南京:江蘇人民出版社,2010)。
  • 黃仁宇著,阿風等譯:《十六世紀明代中國之財政與稅收》(北京:三聯書店,2001)。
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里甲
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