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鄭義豐

郑义丰
出生1851年 (1851)
中国潮州府潮安县
逝世1937年3月5日(1937歲—03—05)(85—86歲)
暹罗曼谷
职业商人、慈善家

鄭義豐(1851年—1937年3月5日),泰語名豐·德差瓦尼泰語ฮง เตชะวณิช皇家轉寫Hong Techawanit),綽號二哥豐泰語ยี่กอฮง皇家轉寫Yi Ko Hong),又名鄭智勇,是一位活躍於20世紀初期的暹羅泰國華僑商人、慈善家、秘密結社成員。

早年

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鄭義豐於1851年出生在中國廣東潮州潮安縣鳳塘淇園村。其父鄭詩生是一個農民,在第一次鴉片戰爭期間逃離中國,死於去暹羅的途中。其母隨後再婚,而鄭義豐自己移民暹羅,定居於曼谷[1]

事業

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鄭義豐為賭場大亨劉繼賓賣命期間加入了暹羅唐人街天地會組織,後奠定了其在組織中老二的地位,因此被稱為「二哥豐」,隨後在老大去世後繼任為首領。[1]

鄭義豐成功向暹羅國王朱拉隆功爭取到自己對賭場的包稅權。1909年,華僑反對國王不久前的稅收改革並發起三天罷工。鄭義豐反對華僑的主張並拒絕參加罷工。[1]1918年6月,國王瓦栖拉兀賜予他「德差瓦尼」(เตชะวณิช Taechawanit)這一泰語姓氏以及「帕·阿努哇拉差尼永」(พระอนุวัฒน์ราชนิยม Phra Anuwatratchaniyom)的爵位。[1][2]鄭義豐開始在暹羅建立企業集團,包括當鋪、一家印刷廠、一家航運公司[1]、一家劇院[3]以及該國最大的賭場。[4]其位於曼谷Phlapphla Chai的豪宅同時也是這個財團的總部。[1]

他在暹羅和中國創立不少學校,還資助報紙和慈善機構。他曾向廣東的家鄉捐款,例如1918年廣東水災的時候他曾捐贈38萬銀元用於賑災。[5]

晚年及遺產

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鄭義豐同情孫中山領導的中國國民黨,在1911年清朝滅亡後,他向孫中山贈送了數量不詳的象牙。晚年他經歷了一系列經濟挫折,最知名的就是他失去了包稅執照。1937年3月5日在曼谷去世,享年84歲。[6]曼谷一條由他出自建設的路以他的名字命名。[1]他的豪宅被捐贈給國家,現為Phlapphachai警察局。[6]

由於他的「賭王」地位,[7]二哥豐死後被神化為「運氣使者」,並受到泰國賭徒的普遍崇拜。[8]他亦受到海外潮州僑民的崇拜,有「生有二哥豐,死有大峰公」的說法。

注釋

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Goh 2012,第352頁.
  2. ^ Murashima 2013,第154頁.
  3. ^ Vella 2019,第201頁.
  4. ^ Wasana 2019,第53頁.
  5. ^ Benton & Hong 2020,第62頁.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Goh 2012,第353頁.
  7. ^ Erker, Ezra Kyrill. A group that went forth and prospered around the world. The Bangkok Post. 28 April 2013. 
  8. ^ Pennick 2021,第6頁.

參考資料

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  • Benton, Gregor; Hong, Liu. Qiaopi and Charity. John Fitzgerald; Hon-ming Yip (编). Chinese Diaspora Charity and the Cantonese Pacific, 1850–1949. Hong Kong University Press. 2020: 51–71. ISBN 9789888528264. 
  • Goh, Yu Mei. Hong Taechawanit. Leo Suryadinata (编). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2012: 352–353. ISBN 9789814345217. 
  • Murashima, Eiji. The Origins of Chinese Nationalism in Thailand. Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies (Waseda University). 2013: 149–172. 
  • Pennick, Nigel. The Ancestral Power of Amulets, Talismans, and Mascots: Folk Magic in Witchcraft and Religion. Simon and Schuster. 2021. ISBN 9781644112212. 
  • Vella, Walter F. Chaiyo!: King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism. University of Hawaii Press. 2019. ISBN 9780824880309. 
  • Wasana, Wongsurawat. The Crown and the Capitalists: The Ethnic Chinese and the Founding of the Thai Nation. University of Washington Press. 2019. ISBN 9780295746265. 
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鄭義豐
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