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鄉校.
乡校,又稱鄉學,是古代中國、朝鮮半島、日本、越南、琉球政府开办的地方學校。在周朝時已有鄉校一名,當時特指六乡州党的学校[1]。
中國
周代鄉校為諸侯設置,當時不但是學習的地方,還是人們閒時聚會、交談的場所,交談內容包括議論國家政事得失。春秋時代鄭國賢相子產拒絕子然明毀鄉校的建議,受到後人稱頌[2]。
漢代時,地方官員亦會設置鄉校,如東漢寇恂任汝南太守時因為郡中無事,就設置鄉校。唐代韓愈被貶潮州時也曾在當地設置鄉校。南宋的文天祥曾就讀廬陵鄉校,18歲時獲鄉校考試第一名。
朝鮮半島
朝鮮半島的鄉校是高丽和朝鲜王朝时期成立的道级学校。他们在1894年朝鲜王朝末年被正式关闭,但许多在1900年以公立小学的形式重开。
乡校主要为两班、统治精英或上层阶级的子女提供教育,以预备将来的科举考试。虽然这种教育有着很高的需求,但最终仍然无法与民营书院和书堂竞争。
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順天鄉校招牌
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一所鄉校大門
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露天教室
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廣場
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一所鄉校的明倫堂
日本
日本的鄉學始設於江戶時代,為各藩開辦的學校,相對於專門招收藩士子弟的藩校而言,鄉學招收的學生範圍較廣,包括武家子弟和庶民。
琉球
琉球的鄉學始於琉球國第二尚氏王朝時期。尚溫王在位期間接納國師蔡世昌(高島親方)的建議,下令在王宮以北開辦國學(現首里高等學校),又開辦了三個鄉學,供士族子弟就讀。
註釋
- ^ 《左传·襄公三十一年》:“郑人 游 於乡校以论执政。” 杜预 注:“乡校,乡之学校…… 郑国 谓学为校。”
- ^ 《左傳·襄公三十一年》:鄭人遊於鄉校,以論執政。然明謂子產曰:「毀鄉校,何如?」子產曰:「何為?夫人朝夕退而遊焉,以議執政之善否。其所善者,吾則行之。其所惡者,吾則改之。是吾師也,若之何毀之?我聞忠善以損怨,不聞作威以防怨。豈不遽止,然猶防川,大決所犯,傷人必多,吾不克救也。不如小決使道。不如吾聞而藥之也。」
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