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都市峽谷

紐約市42街的都市峽谷

都市峽谷是一種類似自然峽谷都市環境。以街道切割周圍稠密的建築街區,特別是摩天大樓,而形成的人造峽谷。著名的例子如芝加哥華麗一英里紐約曼哈頓英雄峽谷英语Canyon of Heroes、香港九龍中環地區。都市峽谷可能造成都市熱島效應

都市峽谷是都市表面的基本單元,在都市中到處可見。其峽谷形式包括水平面和垂直面等幾何形式;建物排列做為垂直的牆,而街道則作為水平的地面。其峽谷的空氣體積為兩邊的牆與地面,以及建築物頂層之間的假想邊界所構成的空間。都兩邊建築物高度不同時,將形成不對稱的峽谷。

研究員T. R. Oke研究都市峽谷中的微氣候,其目的為探討其在都市氣候的性質。都市峽谷的研究顧及了峽谷走向、高度、長度,以及寬度。在氣溫現象方面,包含了光照、入射角、地表反照率放射率以及溫度。此外,寬高比與天空視野係數也很重要。寬高比為兩邊建築物的平均高度與街道寬度之比例。天空視野係數從0到1,用來計算自地面往上看時的可見的天空的量。通常以魚眼鏡頭自街道地面拍攝。天空視野係數1代表天空完全可見,而0則代表天空完全被阻擋。天空視野係數愈高,代表都市峽谷愈容易冷卻,因為天空可以吸收建築物的熱能。而天空視野係數愈低,都市峽谷可以保存日間的熱能,在夜裡釋放更多的熱能。

Nunez和Oke研究中緯度地區都市峽谷於晴朗的夏季的能量交換。研究顯示不同時間的地表能量取決於峽谷的幾何形狀和方向。南北走向的地面最具活耀的能量。在這種峽谷中,正午輻射過剩的30%會被儲存在峽谷兩邊的建築物。到了夜間,因為輻射損失,而使建築物中儲存的能量釋放出來。這種現象形成嚴重的都市熱島效應。

影響

都市峽谷會對當地造成各種影響,如下列所述:

相關條目

參考文獻

  • Kusaka, Hiroyuki and Fujio Kimura. 2004. “Thermal Effects of Urban Canyon Structure on the Nocturnal Heat Island: Numerical Experiment Using a Mesoscale Model Coupled with an Urban Canopy Model” American Meteorological Society. Vol. 43. pg. 1899-1910.
  • Nunez, M. And T. R. Oke. 1977. “The Energy Balance of an Urban Canyon”. Journal of Applied Meteorology. Vol. 16. pg. 11-19.
  • Bradley, A. V., Thornes, J. E., and Chapman L. 2001. “A method to assess the variation of urban canyon geometry from sky view factor transects” Royal Meteorological Society. Atmospheric Science Letters. doi:10.1006/asle.2001.0031.
  • Andreou, E. And Axarli K. 2011. “Investigation of urban canyon microclimate in traditional and contemporary environment. Experimental investigation and parametric analysis”. Elsevier Ltd. Renewable Energy Vol. 43. Pg. 354-363. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2011.11.038.
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都市峽谷
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