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进食障碍

进食障碍
类型特殊性发育障碍营养不良[*]疾病
治療心理治療psychomotor education[*]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科精神医学、​臨床心理學
ICD-10F50
ICD-9-CM307.5
MeSHD001068
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

进食障碍(eating disorders),ICD-11全称作喂食或进食障碍(feeding or eating disorders)[1],是一类精神障碍,它指的是會影響當事人的生理與心理的異常進食習慣。進食障礙包括短時間大量進食的「狂食症」;吃得太少導致體重偏輕的「厭食症」;大量進食後再想辦法吐出來的暴食症;會去吃非食物物品的「異食癖」,以及會將食物吐出再食入的反芻症候群肥胖症本身並不是一種進食障礙[2]

進食障礙的成因並不明朗[3],遺傳與環境因子都可能有影響[3][4]。患者所處文化對纖瘦體態的追求也可能會催生進食障礙[3],舉例而言,有約12%的舞者患有此症[5]性虐待的受害者也比較容易患有進食障礙[6]異食癖反芻疾候群則較常在智能障礙患者上看到。在同一時間,一個人只會被診斷出一種進食障礙[2]

治療對許多進食障礙都有可能有效,方式包含諮商、適切的飲食,和對催吐行為的控制,偶爾也需要住院治療。藥物可以用來控制一些進食障礙的伴隨症狀[4]。在發病五年後,大約70%的厭食症患者會康復,而狂食症患者也有50%會在五年後復原。暴食症患者的復原情形較不確定,估計在20%到60%之間。患有厭食症或狂食症都會增加死亡風險[7]

发达国家,每年有1.6%的女性及0.8%的男性患上暴食症。有0.4%的年輕女性會患上厭食症,另外1.3%則患上狂食症[2]。在女性的一生中,得到厭食症的機會是4%,狂食症與暴食症都是2%[7]。厭食症與狂食症在女性身上較為常見,發病率約為男性的十倍[2],發病的時間點大多是在童年晚期或是剛成年時[4]。其他的進食障礙的發生率較不明朗[2]。相對於已開發國家,发展中国家的進食障礙盛行率似乎較低[8]

主要症状

进食障碍可能包括的主要症状:

  • 暴食、贪食(吃得太多)
  • 厌食(吃得太少)
  • 进食后呕吐、服用泻药反刍
  • 异食(吃不是食品的东西)
  • 对特定食品的恐惧症有时也被归为进食障碍

生理上,厌食、异食类症状可导致患者营养不良,甚至死亡。长期故意呕吐或使用泻药会损害口腔消化道

不少进食障碍者同时患有忧郁症焦虑症精神疾病

病症类型

目前被区分出来的进食障碍疾病包括:

參考文獻

  1. ^ World Health Organization(WHO,世界卫生组织). 06 Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders(06 精神、行为或神经发育障碍)//ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics[OL],2024-01. https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en?secondLanguageCode=zh#1412387537页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 American Psychiatry Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013: 329–354. ISBN 0890425558. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Rikani, AA; Choudhry, Z; Choudhry, AM; Ikram, H; Asghar, MW; Kajal, D; Waheed, A; Mobassarah, NJ. A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders.. Annals of neurosciences. October 2013, 20 (4): 157–61. PMID 25206042. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 What are Eating Disorders?. NIMH. [24 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-23). 
  5. ^ Arcelus, J; Witcomb, GL; Mitchell, A. Prevalence of eating disorders amongst dancers: a systemic review and meta-analysis.. European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association. March 2014, 22 (2): 92–101. PMID 24277724. 
  6. ^ Chen, L; Murad, MH; Paras, ML; Colbenson, KM; Sattler, AL; Goranson, EN; Elamin, MB; Seime, RJ; Shinozaki, G; Prokop, LJ; Zirakzadeh, A. Sexual Abuse and Lifetime Diagnosis of Psychiatric Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. July 2010, 85 (7): 618–629. PMID 20458101. doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0583. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Smink, FR; van Hoeken, D; Hoek, HW. Epidemiology, course, and outcome of eating disorders.. Current opinion in psychiatry. November 2013, 26 (6): 543–8. PMID 24060914. 
  8. ^ Pike, KM; Hoek, HW; Dunne, PE. Cultural trends and eating disorders.. Current opinion in psychiatry. November 2014, 27 (6): 436–42. PMID 25211499. 

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进食障碍
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