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輕子數

轻子数粒子物理学中定义的一个量子数,常用L来表示。轻子数规定为轻子的数目减去反轻子的数目。方程形式:

因此所有的轻子的轻子数为+1,反轻子的轻子数为−1,非轻子粒子的轻子数为0。轻子数(有时也称作轻荷)是可加的量子数,这意味着它的和在作用下守恒(与之相反的是可乘的量子数宇称,它的积在电磁作用与强相互作用下是守恒的)。

类似于轻子数,各轻子族数的定义

与轻子数的定义有相同的模式:该族粒子的该量子数为+1,该族反粒子的该量子数为−1,非该族的粒子的该量子数为0。

轻子数守恒定律

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粒子物理学标准模型依赖于轻子数守恒,即作用过程中轻子数不变。例如beta衰变

反应前轻子数为0(中子n是一个重子因此反应前没有轻子),而反应后总轻子数也为0,其中质子的轻子数为0,电子(一种轻子)的轻子数为+1,反电中微子(一种轻子)的轻子数为−1。因此衰变后轻子数之和为0,该数量守恒。

轻子族数守恒,即每一轻子族的轻子的数量守恒。例如,μ子总是衰变为:

因此保持了电轻子数与μ轻子数不变。这意味这轻子族数守恒定律对于每一个Le, Lμ, Lτ成立。

轻子族数守恒,可以直观理解为有质量的基本粒子是由费米子组成。费米子包括夸克、电轻子、μ轻子、τ轻子四大类别。这四类费米子不可分解为更细小的粒子,因此在反应时,这四类费米子必须分别是成对出现或成对湮灭。所以夸克数、电轻子数、μ轻子数、τ轻子数分别都是守恒的。

轻子数守恒定律的违反

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标准模型中,如果中微子是无质量的,则轻子族数(LF numbers)守恒。由于观测到了中微子振荡,中微子确是有微小质量因而轻子族数守恒定律仅是近似成立的。这意味着轻子族数守恒律可以违反,虽然因中微子质量很小,在包括带电轻子的反应中轻子族数守恒定律成立的可能性很大。但是,轻子总数的守恒律在标准模型下必须成立。因此可以看到罕见的μ子衰变:

参阅

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参考资料

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輕子數
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