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軻比能

軻比能(2世紀?—235年),為中國三國時期鮮卑首領之一。

生平

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鲜卑部落联盟首领檀石槐死后,联盟瓦解。轲比能原属小种鲜卑,軻比能「勇健,斷法平端,不貪財物」,眾人推舉他為大人(首領)。据有代郡、上谷郡一带。他的部落接近漢的北方邊境,自從袁紹據河北後,有不少漢人逃到塞外投靠軻比能,他們教曉鮮卑人「作兵器鎧楯」,又教授文字。軻比能仿效中原方式管理部眾,定法制,「出入弋獵,建立旌麾,以鼓節為進退」。东汉建安年间,向曹操进贡,求通市。他曾經協助曹操敉平地方叛亂,也曾經侵擾漢境,助代郡乌桓扰边,被曹彰打得大敗,退出塞外。軻比能後來恢復向中原政權貢獻。220年,軻比能遣使獻馬,曹丕封他為附義王,鲜卑与魏通好互市。其後軻比能與東部鮮卑大人素利及檀石槐孙步度根爭戰。迫使步度根退保太原、雁门。224年,軻比能又進攻素利,魏國出兵干預,打敗了軻比能的部下瑣奴,軻比能於是致書向魏解釋。遭护乌桓校尉田豫袭击,叛魏,扰幽州、并州。

此後軻比能的部眾變得強盛,「控弦十餘萬騎」。他每次掠得財物,均與眾平分,「終無所私,故得眾死力,餘部大人皆敬憚之」,然猶未能及得上以前檀石槐時期的強大。

228年,其女婿鬱築鞬田豫攻擊,派三萬騎兵相救,围田豫于马城,經閻志勸解,帶兵離去。

233年,軻比能引誘步度根結和親,於是步度根歸附軻比能,侵襲并州,为魏将秦朗所败。退走漠北。後來軻比能殺了步度根。兼并鲜卑各集团,统一漠南大部。

235年,魏幽州刺史王雄派刺客韩龙殺死軻比能,立其弟為首領。

晋书》称轲比能之后为契丹

參考文獻

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軻比能
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