超常現象
超常現象（英語：Paranormal），又稱靈異現象，是指與科學和常識相互矛盾的現象。因為超常現象無法用已存在的邏輯架構、或普遍被接受的現實知識來解釋。
定義
這些真實性未獲科學實證驗證的現象，通常不被主流的科學家所承認，所以「難以再現」的超常現象被認為是偽科學，有一部分是因為科學是需要能重現、重製的現象加以證實，包含擁有特異功能的人類（預知、透視、意念顯影），以及在偶然的情況下發生，但無法以常理來說明的事件，例如：圖坦卡門的詛咒、靈異照片等。
也有其他的類似現象被認定為確有其事，卻無法立即解釋，例如，許多人皆曾看過不明飛行物（UFO）；但彼此對不明飛行物的解釋卻有很大差異。通古斯大爆炸與王恭廠大爆炸是一種明顯且無法否認的超常現象，但是關於爆炸的原因，卻從彗星到超空間撕裂（cross-dimensional rips）等不同解釋。
此外，也有人指出超常（Paranormal）這個詞彙，在過去是被當成是宗教上諸多不可解的神秘現象，相對於自然科學（Natural science）所衍生的超自然（Supernatural）的代換詞彙。
類型
以下是一些超常現象的範例：
有些超常現象最後獲得科學上的解釋，不再是無法解釋的現象。例如，「從天而降的石頭」在以前被認為是超常現象的一種，但「隕石」的存在現在已經是廣為人知的事實。
超自然現象其實算是超常現象的一種，但是其中一部份被當成超心理学（parapsychology）來進行研究，並且被分成三種等級：
参见
延伸閱讀
- Bell, V. & Halligan, P.W. (2012). The Neural Basis of Abnormal Personal Belief. In F. Kruger and J. Grafman (eds) The Neural Basis of Human Belief Systems. Hove: Psychology Press.
- Cohen, D. (1989). Encyclopedia of the Strange. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0880294515
- Crawley, S. E. (2001). Psychic or fantasy-prone? The Skeptic, 14(1), 11-12.
- French, C. C. (1992) Population stereotypes and belief in the paranormal: Is there a relationship? Australian Psychologist, 27, 57-58.
- French, C. C. (1992) Factors underlying belief in the paranormal: Do sheep and goats think differently? The Psychologist, 5, 295-299.
- Hatton, K. (2001). Developmental origins of magical beliefs. The Skeptic, 14(1), 18-19.
- Hines, T. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Prometheus Books.
- Holden, K. J., & French, C. C. (2002). Alien abduction experiences: Clues from neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry. In Spence, S. A., & Halligan, P. W. (eds.) Pathologies of Body, Self and Space. Hove: Psychology Press. 163-178.
- Irwin, H. (2009). The Psychology of Paranormal Belief: A Researcher's Handbook. University Of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1902806938
- Jink, T. (2011). An Introduction to the Psychology of Paranormal Belief and Experience. Mcfarland. ISBN 978-0786465446
- Lange, R., Houran, J. (1998). Delusions of the paranormal: A haunting question of perception. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186 (10), 637–645.
- Marks, D. F. (1988). The psychology of paranormal beliefs. Experientia, 44, 332–337.
- Stein, G. (1996). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1573920216
- Thalbourne, M. A. & French, C. C. (1995) Paranormal belief, manic-depressiveness, and magical ideation: A replication. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 291-292.
- Wilson, K. & French, C. C. (2006). The relationship between susceptibility to false memories, dissociativity, and paranormal belief and experience. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1493-1502.
- Wiseman, R. & Watt, C. (2006). Belief in psychic ability and the misattribution hypothesis: A qualitative review. British Journal of Psychology. 97, 323-338.
外部連結
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