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穀物法.
谷物法(英語:Corn Laws)是一个古老的法律,中世纪就已存在,但1815年以后成为重大政治问题。谷物法於1815年至1846年強制實施的進口關稅,藉以“保護”英國農夫及地主免受來自從生產成本較低廉的外國[哪裡?]所進口的穀物的競爭。要注意的是,在英式英语裡,“corn”這個詞語泛指所有穀物,與美式英语專指玉米的意思有所不同。谷物法管辖范围保护任何需要磨製的穀物,特别是小麦。 谷物法直接影响着英国人的主食价格,工人需要花多大比例的薪水用于吃饭。因此谷物法长期是工业企业家集团激烈对抗的焦点。
根據David Cody教授的说法:
“穀物法是用來保護英國地主之利益;其手段為,當穀物價格下降到一定程度時,即鼓勵出口並限制進口。穀物法最終在「反穀物法聯盟」的軍事動亂中被廢除了;此聯盟在一八三八年時於曼徹斯特成立,宣稱穀物法增加了工業生產成本。經過一連串的競爭之後,反穀物法者終於在一八四六年得以遂其心願,這也象徵了英國中產階級在政治權力中一項重要的勝利。”
- (中譯本) 谷物法使穀米的價格跌至低於某一固定水平之時,透過鼓勵出口及限制進口,從而保護英國的地主的利益。
1813年英国下议院一个委员会建议当英国谷物低于80先令/夸特(约相当于2015年的240英镑/13kg)时,停止进口谷物。1815年立法后,受印尼坦博拉火山喷发導致無夏之年影响,全世界陷入了持续数年的饥馑,直至1820年英国国内才开始有反《谷物法》的声音。
1845年爱尔兰马铃薯灾荒,几百万爱尔兰人饿死,更多的人流落他乡。解救灾荒让外国粮食自由进入英国成为势在必行。第二年谷物法废除。
- Blake, Robert. Disraeli. 1967.
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