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词牌

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词牌,原称调名。在唐宋時期,原本沒有“詞牌”這一概念,直到明代,由於曲的興起,產生了“曲牌”一名,由於詞與曲在形式上具有很大的相似性,因此明人就將其引入到了詞中,發明了“词牌”這個概念。而调名是填用的曲调名。词最初是伴曲而唱的,曲子都有一定的旋律、节奏。这些旋律、节奏的总和就是词调。词与调之间,或按词制调,或依调填词,曲调即称为词調,其通常根据词的内容而定。后,词经过不断的发展产生变化,主要是根据曲调来填词,调名与词的内容一開始都有一定的相關性,漸漸地兩者有了脫離,便基本上不相关了。当词完全脱离曲之后,調名便仅作为文字、音韵结构的一种定式。

不少調名,除了正名之外,还有多種別名,學界稱其為“同調異名”,而有的調名,則也會代表兩種完全不同的詞調,即所謂的“同名异调”。[來源請求]

词牌分类

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目前所知最早是《草堂诗余》将词分为小令、中调、长调三种[1],清代的毛先舒进一步根据字数去定义此三者。这一分类方法被广泛使用,但近世學者多以此方法过于生硬,而捨棄以字數的分類。[2]

参考文献

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  1. ^ 《四库全书总目》卷一百九十九引《类编草堂诗余提要》说:“词家小令、中调、长调之分自此书始。后来词谱依其字数以为定式,未免稍拘,故为万树《词律》所讥。”
  2. ^ 万树《词律·凡例》说:“所谓定例,有何所据?若以少一字为短,多一字为长,必无是理。如《七娘子》有五十八字者,有六十字者,将名之曰小令乎,抑中调乎?如《雪狮子》有八十九字者,有九十二字者,将名之曰中调乎,抑长调乎?”王力《汉语诗律学》说:“我们以为词只须分为两类:第一类是62字以内的小令,唐五代词大致以这范围为限;第二类是63字以外的慢词,包括《草堂诗余》所谓中调和长调,它们大致是宋代以后的产品。”

参见

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