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许行.
許行(?—?),戰國時期著名農學家、思想家。楚國(都城江陵紀南城)人,生於楚宣王至楚懷王時期,約與孟子同一時代,在《孟子·滕文公上》記載有許行其人「為神農之言」,所以被歸為農家,後世也將許行視為先秦時代農家的代表人物,但因沒有著作流傳於世,詳細思想內容與其他事蹟皆不可考。
- 「賢者與民並耕而食,饔飧而治」:賢德的國君應該要和百姓一同耕種獲得自己的糧食,自己做早晚餐並處理國事。
- 「倉廩府庫,是厲民而以自養也」:反對國君設倉庫儲存米榖,有府庫積聚財貨,認為這就是傷害人民來供養自己,並否定國君擁有倉庫、府庫的物權。
- 主張依據產品的長短、大小等數量、質量規定價格,不贊成商人居中剝削,反對抬高物價的欺詐行為。
他的思想,集中顯示了勞動農民自食其力的本色,表達了解除現實壓迫的強烈願望,充滿對想象中平均社會的憧憬。
- 孟子對許行推崇「君民並耕」的想法在《孟子.滕文公》之記述:
曰:「勞心,治人。勞力,治於人。」
即以腦做事之人統治人,以力做事之人被治於人。孟子反對許行解釋君民並耕的想法,並以堯舜禹為例解釋分工之於社會的重要性;孟子針對君主制的社會架構下提出,君王行仁政,民人將依照井田制度處理勞心者食物的問題,以成就整體國家的興盛,而君主切需謹慎使用所獲,方可治理天下,否則「以天下與人易,為天下得人難。」國家終將無法長治久安。
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