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視覺短期記憶

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视覺研究中,视觉短期记忆 (VSTM)是三大記憶系統之一,其餘系統還包括圖像記憶长期記憶 。視覺短期記憶是一种短期记忆 ,但仅限于视觉领域内的資訊。

術語「視覺短期記憶」指的是在长时间内非永久性地儲存视觉資訊的記憶。视觉空间画板是關於視覺短期記憶的子元件,巴德利在其工作记忆理论模型中提出此概念。圖像记忆相當脆弱,會快速衰减,无法积极维持,與之不同的是,视觉短期记忆不易受后续刺激影響,可以持续数秒。另一方面,視覺短期記憶的容量極為有限,這點是視覺短期記憶與长期记忆的主要区别。

概述

在20世纪70年代早期,由於引入难以言语化且不太可能保存于长期记忆刺激,這為VSTM的研究帶來了革命性的變革[1] 。其基本实验技术要求观察者指出「在短时间分隔的两个矩阵或圖形」[2]是否相同。結果發現,观察者能够报告所发生的变化,結果為高于偶然性的显着水準,這表明他们至少能够在第二次刺激呈现之前,在纯粹的视觉儲存中编码第一刺激的樣貌。然而,由于所使用的刺激复杂,且变化的性质相对不受控制,因此这些实验留下了各种问题。

例如:

  • 構成視覺刺激的知覺向度中,視覺短期記憶是否只儲存了部分子集(例如空間頻率、亮度或對比度)
  • 視覺短期記憶中的知覺向度是否比其他記憶有更高的保真度
  • 这些向度以怎樣的性質編碼(知覺向度是在單獨的平行通道中編碼?還是所有知覺向度都儲存為視覺短期記憶中的單個綁定實體?)

設定尺寸效應

目前已經對VSTM的容量限制投入大量研究。在一個典型的檢測變化的任務中,呈現給觀察者兩個由許多刺激組成的陣列。兩個陣列之間分隔著短暫的時序間隔,觀察者的任務是判斷第一個和第二個陣列是否相同,或者兩個顯示中是否有一個項目不同(例如,Luck & Vogel, 1997)。性能嚴重依賴於陣列中的項數。雖然對於一個或兩個項目的陣列來說,性能通常幾乎是完美的,但是當添加更多的項目時,正確的響應總是單調地下降。已經提出了不同的理論模型來解釋VSTM儲存的限制,但是要區別哪個才是正確模型仍是一個活躍的研究領域。

心理物理模型

心理物理實驗表明,信息通過多個平行通道在VSTM中編碼。每個通道與特定的知覺屬性相關聯(Magnussen, 2000)。在這個框架中,隨著設定尺寸的增加,觀察者檢測變化的能力會下降。這可歸因於兩個不同的過程

  1. 如果通過不同的通道進行決策,那麼性能的下降程度通常很小,並且與在進行多個獨立決策時,所預期的下降程度相一致(Greenlee &Thomas,1993; Vincent & Regan,1995)。
  2. 如果在同一通道內做多個決策,那麼僅僅由於決策雜訊的增加,性能下降的幅度就遠遠大於預期,這是由於在同一知覺通道中做多個決策所造成的干擾(Magnussen & Greenlee, 1997)。

然而,作為VSTM中設定尺寸效應(set-size effect)的模型,格林利-托馬斯模型(Greenlee & Thomas, 1993)有著兩個缺陷:

  1. 它只是透過由一兩個元素組成的顯示來進行經驗測試。在各種不同的實驗範式中已經反复表明,對於相對較少元素的顯示,以及相對較多元素的顯示(超過4項),設定尺寸效應會有所不同。而格林利-托馬斯(1993)模型並沒有對此作出解釋。
  2. 儘管Magnussen、格林利、托馬斯(1997)能夠使用該模型來預測「比起跨越不同的知覺向度做出兩個決策,當兩個決策是在同一個知覺向度做出時,將會發現更大的干擾」,但此預測缺乏嚴格的定量,無法準確預測閾值增加的大小,或對其根本原因給出詳細解釋。

除了格林利-托馬斯模型(Greenlee & Thomas, 1993)之外,VSTM中還有兩種用於描述設定尺寸效應的重要方法。這兩種方法可以稱為樣本尺寸模型(Palmer, 1990)和甕模型(urn models)(Pashler, 1988)。

它們與格林利-托馬斯模型的不同之處在於:

  1. 將設定尺寸效應的根源歸結於決策之前的某個階段。
  2. 在相同或不同的知覺向度下做出的決定在理論上沒有區別。

中级视觉儲存

有一些证据表明中级视觉儲存( Intermediate visual store )具有圖像記憶和VSTM的特征。 [3]该中级儲存器具有高容量(最多15个项目)和較长的儲存追踪持续时间(最多4秒)。它与VSTM共存但並不相同,视觉刺激可以覆盖其视觉儲存的内容(Pinto等,2013)。进一步的研究表明其過程涉及视觉区域V4的参与。 [4]

參見


参考文獻

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  2. ^ Cermak, Gregory W. Short-term recognition memory for complex free-form figures. Psychonomic Science. 1971, 25 (4): 209–211. doi:10.3758/BF03329095. 
  3. ^ Sligte, Ilja G.; Scholte, H. Steven; Lamme, Victor A. F. Are There Multiple Visual Short-Term Memory Stores?. PLOS ONE. 2008, 3 (2): e1699. PMC 2246033可免费查阅. PMID 18301775. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001699. 
  4. ^ Sligte, I. G.; Scholte, H. S.; Lamme, V. A. F. V4 Activity Predicts the Strength of Visual Short-Term Memory Representations. Journal of Neuroscience. 2009, 29 (23): 7432–7438. PMID 19515911. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0784-09.2009. 
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視覺短期記憶
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