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蜂蜡

蜂蜡(英語:Beeswax),也叫蜜蠟黃蠟,是蜜蜂工蜂分泌的。蜜蜂用蜂蜡在蜂巢裡建分隔的房间,用来育幼或储存花粉

蜂蜡

来源

新鲜蜂蜡(下中)与火柴(上)、花粉球(中)、及蜜蜂翅膀(下左)的尺寸对比
养蜂人正在将蜂蜡刮下

工蜂拥有四對蜡腺,位于腹部第4至7节。蜂蜡即蜡腺的分泌物。刚羽化成的最年輕的工蜂,其主要職責是照管和飼養幼蟲。當看管幼虫的工作要告一段落时,年輕的工蜂要離巢作短距離的飛翔,十天以后,蜡腺开始分泌蜂蜡。工蜂分泌蜂蜡的理想環境温度為33至36摄氏度。一只工蜂要食用八份蜂蜜来分泌一份蜂蜡。

新鲜蜂蜡透明无色(见圖),工蜂咀嚼后变为不透明。蜂巢中的蜡接近于白色,但在花粉的油及蜂胶的作用下逐渐变成黄或棕色。养蜂人在从蜂巢中采集蜂蜜的同时,也会将蜂蜡刮下作其他用途。

属性及成分

成分 含量
烃类 14%
单酯(monoesters) 35%
二酯(diesters) 14%
三酯(triesters) 3%
羟基酯(hydroxy monoesters) 4%
羟基聚酯(hydroxy polyesters) 8%
酯酸(acid esters) 1%
聚酯酸(acid polyesters) 2%
脂肪酸(fatty acids) 12%
脂肪醇(fatty alcohols) 1%
不明 6%

蜂蜡的大致化学分子式为:C15H31COOC30H61。其主要成分是棕榈酸(palmitate)、棕榈油酸(palmitoleate)、羟基棕榈酸(hydroxypalmitate)及长链脂肪醇类。
蜂蜡的熔点在62至64摄氏度之间。当加热到85摄氏度以上时蜂蜡开始变色。蜂蜡的闪点为204.4摄氏度。在15摄氏度的环境下其密度为0.958至0.970克/厘米3

用途

蜂蜡塊
蜂蜡蜡烛与工艺品

中药

蜂蜡,是一味中药,味甘、淡,性平,归脾、胃、大肠经,有养脾胃,润肺腑,止泄痢之功效。[1]

参考资料

  1. ^ 《纲目》:蜜之气味俱厚,故养脾。蜡之气味俱薄,故养胃。厚者味甘而性缓质柔,故润脏腑。薄者味淡而性啬质坚,故止泄痢。张仲景治痢有调气饮,《千金方》治痢有胶蜡汤,其效甚捷,盖有见于此欤。

参见

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蜂蜡
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