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蛭子神

蛭子神ヒルコノカミ)為《古事記》表記之名,《日本書紀》寫成蛭兒,祂是日本神話裡出現的神祇,別名為水蛭子蛭子命ヒルコノミコト)、戎大神等。

概要

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日本書紀之記載

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《日本書紀》卷第一的記載和《古事記》近似,第一種說法謂伊奘諾尊、伊奘冉尊結為夫妻,合媾先生蛭兒,便載蘆葦船而流之;次生淡洲,此亦不計入兒數。第十種說法則謂陰神先唱曰:「真是漂亮啊,可愛少男乎。」便握陽神之手,遂爲夫婦,生淡路洲、次蛭兒,而後再生三貴子

次段之本文提及伊奘諾尊、伊奘冉尊已生大八洲國及山川草木,接著生天下之主者。首先為日神大日孁貴,此子光華明彩、照徹於六合之內。故二神很高興地說:「我們的子息雖多,卻從未有如此靈異之兒。不宜久留此國,應當早送于天,而授以天上之事。」這時天與地距離仍近,故以天柱舉於天上。次生月神(又名月弓尊、月夜見尊、月讀尊),其光彩次於日神,可以配日而治,故亦送之于天。次生蛭兒,雖已三歲,仍然無法站立。故載之於天磐櫲樟船,而順風放棄;最後再生素戔嗚尊

復次段之第二種說法謂日、月二神既生,次生蛭兒。此兒年滿三歲,脚尚不立。伊弉諾尊和伊弉冉尊巡柱時,後者說:「應該是違反陰陽之理,所以才生下蛭兒。」次生素戔嗚尊,此神性惡,常好哭恚,國民多死,青山枯萎。故其父母勅曰:「假使讓祢治此國,必多所殘傷,所以祢可以去統治極遠之根國(亦即黃泉之國)。」次生鳥磐櫲樟橡船,便以此船載蛭兒順流放棄。次生火神軻遇突智時,伊弉冉尊卻被軻遇突智燒焦而亡。

古事記之記載

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按《古事記》上卷之記載,伊邪那岐命伊邪那美命二神相媾生國,所生子名為水蛭子,祂們將此子放入以蘆葦編成的船而流去;次生淡島,亦不計入子之例。

解說

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根據《記紀》二書記錄的內容,蛭子神為發育不全的畸形兒,雖然被伊弉諾尊和伊弉冉尊放到葦船流放海中,日本民間卻傳說祂漂流到彼岸的常世國,後來成為保佑漁獲豐收、航運昌隆的守護神,故一般日本民間將蛭子神視為福神、海神、商業神等。

位於兵庫縣西宮市西宮神社,傳說蛭子神乘著葦舟漂流至攝津國西浦海岸,當地的漁夫拾獲後扶養長大,稱作夷三郎(エビスサブロウ),也就是惠比壽。後來被供奉為夷三郎大明神、戎大神,保佑漁民出海平安、漁獲豐富,香火鼎盛[1]

另外,因為水蛭子是沒有骨骼、發育不良的畸形兒,後世常針對這一點描寫成妖怪,比如漫畫家諸星大二郎《妖怪獵人》、電影怪談比留子》等。

信仰

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在日本主祭蛭子神的神社除各地之和田神社外,另計有下述:

內部連結

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外部連結

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參考資料

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蛭子神
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