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薊馬

纓翅目
化石时期:299–0 Ma
二疊紀 - 現代
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲: 昆虫纲 Insecta
(未分级) 双髁类 Dicondylia
亚纲: 有翅亞綱 Pterygota
演化支 伴翅类 Metapterygota
下纲: 新翅下纲 Neoptera
演化支 真变态类 Eumetabola
演化支 準新翅類 Paraneoptera
目: 纓翅目 Thysanoptera
Haliday英语Alexander Henry Haliday, 1836

見內文

薊馬英文:thrips),俗稱刺馬臺灣話tshì-bé[1],是昆蟲綱纓翅目(學名:Thysanoptera)物種的通稱,目前約有7700個物種被描述。薊馬是一類體型微小的昆蟲,具有獨特的不對稱銼吸式口器

纓翅目舊稱泡足目Physopoda[2],因為該目昆蟲足部的跗節具有獨特的可外翻胞狀囊[3],使之可黏附在基底上。

形態描述

一隻放在手指頭上作大小比較的Ponticulothrips diospyrosi

薊馬為小型而细长的昆蟲,體長0.5至5 mm[3]:35,一般黄褐或黑色;眼睛发达;翅膀狭长,翅缘扁长,具有少数或无翅脉,不少種類的翅膀外緣有排列整齊的長細毛,故得名纓翅目;尾缺鬚。变态为渐进变态[來源請求]

本目昆蟲有獨特的左右不对称穿透性銼吸式[3]:36口器,通常在花朵上和花朵中發現。食性相當廣泛,當中有不少的種類是重要的農業害蟲:大多數種類是食植物性的,以花或花粉為食;也有些種類以真菌為食,而少數種類是以其他昆蟲(例如:其他小型昆蟲或者螨類)為食。

分類

纓翅目包括有5500個物種,按其產卵管(即其第十腹節[3]:38)之形態再細分為兩個亞目[3]:39

錐尾亞目(Terebrantia)的物種有錐狀產卵管;

寬錐薊馬科英语Adiheterothripidae Adiheterothripidae
紋薊馬科 Aeolothripidae
斷域薊馬科英语Fauriellidae Fauriellidae
半薊馬科英语Hemithripidae Hemithripidae†
異薊馬科英语Heterothripidae Heterothripidae
Jezzinothripidae†
Karataothripidae†
黑薊馬科 Melanthripidae:部分文獻視為紋薊馬科之下的亞科[3]:39
食孢薊馬科英语Merothripidae Merothripidae
Scudderothripidae†
Stenurothripidae
薊馬科 Thripidae
三疊紀薊馬科 Triassothripidae†[2]
膜薊馬科英语Uzelothripidae Uzelothripidae

管尾亞目英语Tubulifera(Tubulifera)物種的腹部並沒有伸出錐狀的產卵管並不是錐狀,而是管狀的。只有管薊馬科(Phlaeothripidae)一科,下分為管薊馬亞科(Phlaeothripinae)及寬薊馬亞科(Idolothripinae)兩個亞科[3]:39

社會行為

許多種類的薊馬會在植物上取食或產卵時形成。一些管薊馬科的物種例如:Kladothrips英语Kladothrips[4]Oncothrips英语Oncothrips[5],在癭中形成真社會性結構,類似於螞蟻,包含了具有繁殖能力的后蟲以及沒有繁殖能力的士兵階級(相當於蟻群中的兵蟻)[6][7][8]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 乾旱助長薊馬蟲害 屏東芒果著果率差-民視台語新聞. 民視新聞網 Formosa TV News network. 2021-03-15 [2021-10-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-23). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 薊馬的形態特徵與分類. 2018-07-29 (中文). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 張念台. 植物防疫檢疫重要薊馬類害蟲簡介 (PDF). 植物重要防疫檢疫害蟲診斷鑑定研習會之二. 2002-11: 35-97 [2020-06-02]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-28) (中文(繁體)). 
  4. ^ Kranz, B.D.; Schwarz, M.P.; Mound, L.A.; Crespi, B.J. Social biology and sex ratios of the eusocial gall-inducing thrips Kladothrips hamiltoni. Ecological Entomology. 1999, 24 (4): 432–442. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2311.1999.00207.x. 
  5. ^ Kranz, Brenda D.; Schwarz, Michael P.; Wills, Taryn E.; Chapman, Thomas W.; Morris, David C.; Crespi, Bernard J. A fully reproductive fighting morph in a soldier clade of gall-inducing thrips (Oncothrips morrisi). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 2001, 50 (2): 151–161. JSTOR 4601948. doi:10.1007/s002650100347. 
  6. ^ Crespi, B.J.; Mound, L.A. Ecology and evolution of social behaviour among Australian gall thrips and their allies. Choe, J.C.; Crespi, B.J. (编). The evolution of social behaviour of insects and arachnids. Cambridge University Press. 1997: 166–180 [2019-04-14]. ISBN 978-0-521-58977-2. (原始内容存档于2019-06-07). 
  7. ^ Chapman, T.W.; Crespi, B.J. High relatedness and inbreeding in two species of haplodiploid eusocial thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) revealed by microsatellite analysis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 1998, 43 (4): 301–306. JSTOR 4601521. doi:10.1007/s002650050495. 
  8. ^ Kranz, Brenda D.; Schwarz, Michael P.; Morris, David C.; Crespi, Bernard J. Life history of Kladothrips ellobus and Oncothrips rodwayi: insight into the origin and loss of soldiers in gall-inducing thrips. Ecological Entomology. 2002, 27 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2311.2002.0380a.x. 

外部連結

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薊馬
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