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監生

监生,雅稱為太學生博士弟子員諸生的一種,指两朝,獲得公家的選拔进入国子监读书的生員,或是取得「入国子监資格」的生員。监生出國子監之後,有任官的資格。

清代国子监学生依來源身份,肄業分為监生和贡生乾隆以前對监生严格考试,后仅存虚名,未必在监读书。一般未入府、州、县学或未經正途科举而欲应乡试、仕官者,须以捐獻銀錢取得例监出身。

簡介

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明代监生分四类:举监、贡监、廕监、例监。清代监生分四类:恩监、优监、荫监、例监。

明代举监,是指参加会试落榜之举人,由翰林院選擇入国子监讀書者,稱「舉監生」,事實上是舉人,而非普通的生員

貢監,是指以貢生身份入國子監讀書者,稱為「貢監生」。

例監,是指因朝廷有事,财政不足,官員子弟以捐纳「援例報捐」、「捐資入監」,取得監生資格者,稱「例監生」,又稱附監增監

廕监,即廕生,以大臣官員子弟廕入國子監讀書者。清代分二類:恩廕、難廕,稱「廕監生」。

  • 恩廕:滿、漢子弟奉敕送監讀書,恩詔分別內外文武品級,廕子入監。文官京四品、外三品以上,武官二品以上,俱送一子入監。宗室覺羅給廕送監者。
  • 難廕:三品以上官員,任期滿三年,或三司首領、州、縣佐貳官,因公務殉難者,廕一子入監者。

清代恩監,指由漢軍八旗文官學生、算學滿、漢肄業生考入國子監,以及大臣官員後裔,由武生、奉祀生、俊秀選入監者,稱為「恩監生」。

清代優監,每三年由各省學政會同總督巡撫考試,選文行兼優的附生(通過省考試而附寄於府州縣學者),入国子监肄业者称为「优监生」。

小说《儒林外史》中的吝嗇鬼严致和即为監生。

參考書目

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監生
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