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茶马

茶马,指宋代明代中原政权以垄断茶叶贸易,以换取青海甘肃四川西藏以及西南等地当地民族匹的政策和贸易制度。

历史

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宋神宗熙宁七年(1074年),王安石变法时初行茶马法,被视为茶马制度的开端。宋朝成都置都大提举茶马司主持此事。這是因為唐朝與回紇在漠北絹馬互市,馬價以絹帛計價,回紇人使用劣馬換絹招來國庫空虛,負債極大。

明朝洪武四年(1371年),以陕西四川茶叶交易番马,设茶马司于秦州洮州河州雅州等地,专门管理。洪武三十年(1397年),将秦州茶马司改设于西宁成化年间,由于私茶贸易盛行,朝廷已沒有足夠的力量壓制商人鑽營法律漏洞,到弘治三年(1490年),當都察院左副都御史楊一清主持茶馬時,便實行「招商買茶」,令商人自出人力、物力、自出資金運茶,「運送到官茶,量將三分之一官為發賣,以償官價,尤為便益。」。[1]

清初延續明代茶馬制度,設置茶馬司,管理茶馬貿易。[2]仍將茶馬互市作為羈縻的手段,康熙七年至雍正九年,茶馬貿易時置時廢,雍正九年因用兵新疆,恢復於西寧等地設茶馬司。雍正十三年待戰事結束,可靠貢賦形式滿足軍馬來源,茶馬貿易制度方宣告結束。[3][4]

评价

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明朝的茶马政策一方面满足了国家的军事需求,另一方面也通过垄断茶叶的供应起到控制边疆各族的作用,但后期随着官方垄断地位的丧失,此功能完全丧失。茶马往来,促进了中原与边疆各族地区经济、文化的交流,对汉文明的传播起到了积极作用。

参看

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注釋

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  1. ^ 《闗中奏議》 (四庫全書本)/卷03,《皇明經世文編》卷之一百十五
  2. ^ 《世祖實錄》卷十九順治二年載:「今我朝號令一新,各番慕義朝宗,馳貢上駟,雲錦遝來,金牌似不必用。但以茶易馬,務須酌量價值,兩得其平。」
  3. ^ 《清史稿‧茶法》雍正十三年:「復停甘肅中馬,改徵折色,每篦輸銀五錢。時西寧五司陳茶充,令每封減價二錢,刻期變賣。」
  4. ^ 林永匡、王熹編著,《清代西北民族貿易》,頁41。陳光國,《青海藏族史》王曉燕,〈論清代官營茶馬貿易的延續及其廢止〉,頁29-30。
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茶马
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