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苯丙酮尿症

苯丙酮尿症
苯丙氨酸
症状如果缺乏治療可能導致智能障礙癲癇發作、行為異常、精神疾患、身體散發霉味[1]
起病年龄先天性[2]
类型典型、變異型[1]
病因遺傳自體隱性[1]
診斷方法部分國家具有苯丙酮尿症的新生兒篩檢英语Newborn screening program[3]
治療低苯丙氨酸飲食、特別營養補充[2]
藥物四氢生物蝶呤[2]pegvaliase英语pegvaliase[4]
预后若治療後与常人無異[5]
患病率每12,000人中1例[6]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科醫學遺傳學小兒科
ICD-115C50.0
ICD-10E70.0
ICD-9-CM270.1
OMIM261600
DiseasesDB9987
MedlinePlus001166
eMedicine947781
Orphanet716
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

苯丙酮尿症,又稱苯酮尿症(英語:Phenylketonuria,縮寫為PKU),是一種遺傳性代謝缺陷,肇因於苯丙氨酸的代謝能力下降[3]。如果不接受治療,苯丙酮尿症可能引起智能障礙癲癇發作、帶來行為問題以及精神疾患;患者可能也會帶有發霉氣味跟較淺的膚色[1]。如果產婦患者沒有好好接受治療,可能會帶給婴儿心臟疾病、小頭畸形,或導致婴儿出生體重過低[1]

苯丙酮尿症係為一種遺傳疾病承襲自父母[1],由於苯丙氨酸羥化酶(簡稱為 PAH)基因變異使得的產量低下[1],導致飲食中攝取的苯丙胺酸堆積,達到可能會中毒的濃度[1]。此症為隱性遺傳,意即必然是患者父母雙方的基因複製皆發生變異,才會導致患者罹患此症[1]。苯丙酮尿症有兩種型態,典型 PKU 跟變型 PKU,差異在於酶是否功能正常[1]。僅從父母之一遺傳到變異基因複製者通常不會有症狀[1]。有許多國家提供新生兒篩檢英语newborn screening programs以過濾出此症[3]

治療方式為採用低苯丙氨酸的飲食及特殊補充劑[2],必須給嬰兒患者服用特殊配方奶粉佐以少量母乳[2]。在嬰兒誕生後,必須盡快讓其開始低苯丙氨酸的飲食,如果不能終生維持,至少需持續十年[2][7]。如果嚴格執行飲食限制,早期診斷出此症的患者仍可以跟常人一般健康,壽命與常人無異[5]。療效需依定期接受血液檢查來監測[2]。患者需要避免某些生活中常见的食品添加剂,比如,患者需要避免摄入阿斯巴甜[8]

在1.2萬新生兒中約有1人會罹患苯丙酮尿症[6],男性和女性的患病機率一致[9]。1934 年,挪威醫生Ivar Asbjørn Følling英语Ivar Asbjørn Følling發現此症,1953 年,發現此症受飲食影響甚鉅[10]。2014 年提出的基因治療雖受到期待,但仍有賴大量的學術研究支持[11]

苯丙酮尿症發現

1934年挪威的佛寧(Folling)醫師在家族性智障病患的尿液中發現有特殊陳腐物味道,後來才知道該物質是苯丙酮酸 (Phenylpyruvic Acid),在1937年正式命名為苯酮尿症(Phenylketonuria;PKU)。苯酮尿症是一種體染色體隱性遺傳疾病,主要是由於體內苯丙胺酸 (Phenylalanine;Phe)羥化(Hydroxylation)成酪胺酸(Tyrosine;Tyr)的代謝途徑機能障礙所引起的先天代謝異常疾病。目前已知有五種不同的酶缺陷會造成此種代謝機能障礙;這些酶包括有苯丙胺酸羥化酶(Phenylalanine Hydroxylase;PAH)、鳥嘌呤核苷三磷酸環化水解酶Ⅰ(GTP CyclohydrolaseⅠ;GTPCHⅠ)、丙二酮四氫喋呤合成酶(6-pyruvoyl Tetrahydropterin Synthase;PTPS)、雙氫喋啶還原酶(Dihydropteridine Reductase;DHPR)及喋呤甲醇胺脫水酶(Pterin-4α-Carbinolamine Dehydratase;PCD)。依其酶缺乏的不同,會有不同的臨床症狀及診斷方法,其治療方法也不相同。

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 phenylketonuria. Genetics Home Reference. September 8, 2016 [12 September 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-27). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 What are common treatments for phenylketonuria (PKU)?. NICHD. 2013-08-23 [12 September 2016]. (原始内容存档于5 October 2016). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Al Hafid N, Christodoulou J. Phenylketonuria: a review of current and future treatments. Translational Pediatrics. October 2015, 4 (4): 304–17. PMC 4728993可免费查阅. PMID 26835392. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2224-4336.2015.10.07. 
  4. ^ Press Announcements - FDA approves a new treatment for PKU, a rare and serious genetic disease. www.fda.gov. [9 December 2018]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-23) (英语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement Phenylketonuria: Screening and Management. NICHD. October 16–18, 2000 [12 September 2016]. (原始内容存档于5 October 2016). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Bernstein, Laurie E.; Rohr, Fran; Helm, Joanna R. Nutrition Management of Inherited Metabolic Diseases: Lessons from Metabolic University. Springer. 2015: 91. ISBN 9783319146218. (原始内容存档于2017-09-11). 
  7. ^ Clinical Commissioning Policy: Sapropterin (Kuvan®) For Phenylketonuria: Use in Pregnancy (PDF): 4. April 2013 [25 March 2018]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-08). 
  8. ^ Phenylketonuria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. medlineplus.gov. [2019-12-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-18) (英语). 
  9. ^ Marcdante, Karen; Kliegman, Robert M. Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics 7. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 150. ISBN 9780323226981. (原始内容存档于2017-09-11). 
  10. ^ Kalter H. Teratology in the Twentieth Century Plus Ten. Springer Science & Business Media. 2010: 89–92. ISBN 9789048188208. (原始内容存档于2017-09-11). 
  11. ^ Camp KM, Parisi MA, Acosta PB, Berry GT, Bilder DA, Blau N, et al. Phenylketonuria Scientific Review Conference: state of the science and future research needs. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. June 2014, 112 (2): 87–122. PMID 24667081. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.02.013. 

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苯丙酮尿症
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