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雄蕊

朱顶红的雄蕊,示顶端附着花粉的花葯部分
蜜蜂待动物在采集花蜜和花粉的同时,也会把一朵花的花粉傳播到另一朵花上

傳統上稱為 雄蕊(stamen)的構造,現在稱為 雄花器androecium),是被子植物的雄性生殖器,作用是产生花粉。雄蕊輪狀或螺旋狀著生於花托上,位于花被内側及雌花器外側(霉草科中的少數成員為例外,其中最著名者為Lacandonia schismatica)。雄蕊的主要構造可分為花絲花葯。一种植物的花一般有固定的雄蕊数量(最常见的为每花6枚),但也有例外。多数花的雄蕊长度相等;长度不相等的又可分为四强雄蕊(十字花科),二强雄蕊(脣形科)等。

结构

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花丝

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雄蕊下部细长丝状的部分称为「花丝」,起承托花葯和在花发育过程中传送养分的作用。花丝因植物种类不同有离生或合生的分类,合生雄蕊又可分為單體雄蕊(连合成一束)、二體雄蕊(連合成二束)及多體雄蕊(連合成多束)等,單一一束稱為雄蕊柄(androphore)。有些植物例如栀子的花丝完全消失,而美人蕉科薑科花中不孕性雄蕊的花丝则扩大成花瓣状。

花葯

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端头膨大、生长花粉的囊状结构称为花葯。按照花葯在花丝上的附着形式,可分为全着葯(花葯完全附着在花丝上,例如),底着葯(只有基部附着,如莎草),背着葯(背部附着,如山茱萸等),丁字着葯(横卧的花葯在背部中央部分附着,如百合)、聚葯(花丝分离但花葯联合,如菊科植物)。

花葯经常由不孕性的葯隔(connective)分成2个葯室(locule),每一葯室又分成1-2个小孢子囊,又称花粉囊。花葯壁由表皮层(endothecium)、纤维层、中间层、及绒毡层(tapetum)构成,其中绒毡层结构特殊,有为生长花粉提供营养的作用。花粉囊中的花粉母細胞行減數分裂形成单倍体小孢子,小孢子而後發育成為具有生殖細胞及營養細胞的花粉粒(未成熟的雄配子體)。

花葯发育成熟的时候裂开以便散发花粉;花葯的开裂多呈纵缝状,但也有呈孔状(杜鹃花科)或阀门状(小檗科樟科)。花葯裂开後,花粉或自然坠落,或者通过风、流水或傳粉動物(如蜜蜂蝴蝶而传播到同一朵花或不同朵花的心皮柱頭上,經此授粉過程後,花粉會萌發發育為花粉管,繼而授精

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雄蕊
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