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學者症候群.
學者症候群(英語:Savant syndrome)是指僅在某個很有限的領域有超出常人的表現,然而卻廣泛地在其他方面有明顯的心智障礙。這樣的突出表現有多種不同形式,包括演奏樂器、繪畫、記憶、心算、日曆運算能力等。學者症候群常見於自閉症、亞斯伯格症候群或腦傷患者身上。[1][2]學者症候群並沒有被正式納入DSM-5的診斷,因為其心智障礙的部分多半可以歸類於其他疾病。
學者症候群有兩大重點特徵[3]:p. 1,即:
- 認知能力上有缺憾-智商 明顯低於 100(而智障定義上是 IQ 低過 70)[4];
- 同時,在某些領域上能力極高(特殊才能),遠遠超越人類平均水平,與其有缺陷的普遍認知能力不相稱[註 1];
有研究者主張,學者症候群並非二元劃分:一個人不可被簡單歸類為「有」或「沒有」學者症候群,而是有程度程度之分-即使是沒有智力缺憾者,亦可能呈現在某些能力上超乎常人的情況;典型的學者症候群個案,只是在這點上有極端的表現,例如在日常自理上表現出明顯困難,但在其擅長的範疇則有天才般的表現[3]。
值得注意的是,「學者症候群」中的「學者」對應的是英語「savant」,與「scholar」(在高等學府做研究的學者)相去甚遠。
美國人金·匹克(Kim Peek)(1951-2009)有先天的腦部就有異常,使其小腦受損並缺少腦樑。匹克4歲時才學會走路,不會繫扣子,而且成年時都無法自理,由其父親照顧;不過,匹克的記憶力非常出眾,紀錄指他能夠在25分鐘內讀完十多萬字長的英文長篇小說,能夠在4個月後準確回憶其中一個角色的名字,還能說出該角色在哪頁出現過以及其對白。在匹克的一生中,他閱讀了約9,000本書,能夠在8至10秒內讀完一頁而且對內容過目不忘,事後會近乎完美地記住書中每一字。匹克因為其超凡能力而知名,其故事更被改編成電影《雨人》[5]。
- ^ 這可以指:
1) 遠超正常人水平;或
2) 遠超其智商預測的水平。
- ^ “雨人”为何天赋异禀?“脑宇宙”的智慧能量. [2014-03-23]. (原始内容存档于2014-04-08).
- ^ 我即我脑. 中国人民大学出版社. 2011. ISBN 978-730-014-145-9.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Park, H. O. (2023). Autism spectrum disorder and savant syndrome: A systematic literature review (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (PDF). Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(2), 76
- ^ Boat, T. F., Wu, J. T., & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2015). Clinical characteristics of intellectual disabilities. In Mental disorders and disabilities among low-income children. National Academies Press (US):"Historically, intellectual disability... has been defined by significant cognitive deficits ... an IQ score of below 70..."
- ^ Darold A. Treffert; Daniel D. Christensen (December 23, 2009). "Inside the Mind of a Savant". Scientific American.
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| 重點 | |
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| 診斷 | |
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| 有關的疾病 | |
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| 相關問題 | |
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| 爭議 | |
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| 診斷量表 |
- Gilliam 亞斯伯格症量表
- 自閉症診斷觀察方案
- 自閉症診斷面談
- 自閉症光譜係數
- 童年自閉症評量表
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| 列表 |
- 自閉症的概觀
- 在小說中被設定為帶有自閉症的角色
- 專門為有自閉症的人開設的學校
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