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雜交種

是其中一種最常見的雜交種動物,騾是由馬和驢雜交而來
巨嘴鳥的雜交種
粉嘴潜鸭Netta peposaca)與美洲木鴨Aix sponsa)的雜交種

杂交种(英語:hybrid)又稱杂种混种,是指从两种不同的生物杂交产生的后代。

存活率和生殖力

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依雙親的生殖隔離程度,雜交後代可能無法存活、可存活但無法生殖、可存活並生殖但適應力較低、或是完全可以生殖。

如果是同一内的不同亚种、品系或栽培品種之间相互交配產生的後代,通常後代可以正常存活,也被称为种内杂交。有時在同一下的不同之间的互相交配产生的后代也如此。種內雜交有時會產生存活率更高的後代,稱為雜種優勢(Hybrid Vigor)。

如果後代完全無法存活或生殖,表示雙親是不同物種,此雜交称为种间杂交(interspecific hybridization),一般只發生在同屬的生物。 種間雜交是非常困难的,失败率很高,而且通常杂交子代不具生育能力,但也有例外,甚至是更高層級間的雜交。跨屬間雜交的例子有綿羊山羊[1],跨科間雜交的例子有珠雞,或是白頭翁烏頭翁,但如此案例在野外並不常見[2],跨目間雜交有在 Strongylocentrotus purpuratus英语Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 的雌海膽和 Dendraster excentricus英语Dendraster excentricus 的雄沙錢間找到[3]。一般而言动物產生雜交種(譬如骡子獅虎)是在被人類强行干预之下才會发生,因此刻意製造雜交種在倫理學上是有爭議的行為。

有時候雜交後代只有其中一個性別無法正常生殖或存活,通常這個性別是異配性別(性染色體為XY或WZ),此規則稱為霍爾登氏法則

雜交種化

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有時會發生雜交後代可以自交或無性生殖,但無法與親代物種回交之情況,這種案例中雜交種即形成一新的物種。這種現象在植物中較常見,研究估計2~4%的被子植物和7%的蕨類是雜交種化產生,在農作物中比例更高[4]。在動物中也有少數昆蟲和魚類的例子[5]

相關條目

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參考資料

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  1. ^ Kelk, Dawn A.; Gartley, Cathy J.; Buckrell, Brian C.; King, W. Allan. The interbreeding of sheep and goats (PDF). Canadian Veterinary Journal. 1997, 38: 235–237 [2017-09-05]. PMC 1576582可免费查阅. PMID 9105723. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-04-11). 
  2. ^ Johnsgard, Paul A. Hybridization & Zoogeographic Patterns in Pheasants. University of Nebraska - Lincoln: 5. 1983 [2017-03-20]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-17). 
  3. ^ Giudice, Giovanni. Developmental Biology of the Sea Urchin Embryo. Elsevier. 2012: 171 [2017-09-05]. ISBN 978-0-323-14878-8. (原始内容存档于2020-07-11). 
  4. ^ Otto, S.; Witton, P.J. Polyploid incidence and evolution (PDF). Annual Review of Genetics. 2000, 34: 401–437 [2015-06-21]. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.401. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-05-06). 
  5. ^ Larsen, P.A.; Marchán-Rivadeneira, M.R.; Baker, R.J. Natural hybridization generates mammalian lineage with species characteristics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2010-01-05, 107: 11447–11452 [2015-06-21]. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000133107. (原始内容存档于2021-05-18). 

參見

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外部連結

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雜交種
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