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自我意像

自我意像self-image),亦作自我意象自我映像,为心理學概念,一般用來指一個人在內在的圖像。通常来讲自我意象挺难改变的,它不仅是指能具体被他人观察到的客观事物(身高,体重,头发颜色,性别,智商,成绩等等),而且还指那人通过自身经历或者评价他人而学到的一些事情。对于自我意象一个简单的定义是对于问题“你认为别人怎么看你”的回答。這個名詞原來是客觀的名稱,這個名詞本身並沒有牽涉到價值判斷。

概述

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一個人對自己的了解經常具有一些完全客觀的資料,譬如:身高、體重、性別等。此外還有一些較抽象的因素,例如:

  • 嗎?
  • 我是否超重了?
  • 我算好看嗎?
  • 我弱嗎?
  • 我強壯嗎?
  • 聰明嗎?
  • 我笨拙嗎?
  • 別人認爲我比較和氣嗎?
  • 我是好人?
  • 我是壞人?
  • 我是陽性?
  • 我是陰性?
  • 我受歡迎?

自我意象的維持

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研究證明當人們對一個來自受刻板印象影響的群體做出評價時(如希臘人數學方面的天賦),人們得出的評價通常受到自身的自我意象影響。取決于自我意象的好壞,如果一個人是自信或自我肯定的,他/她很可能對一個有著刻板印象的群體做出一個較為正面的評價;反之當個人的自我意象受到挑戰或威脅,人們可能會給出更多帶偏見的評價[1]。人們通常會選擇貶低他人來保持自身的尊嚴,在自我意象維持的過程中產生刻板印象和偏見[2]

参考文献

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引用

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  1. ^ Fein, S., & Spencer, S.J. (1997). Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73(1), 31-44.
  2. ^ Florack, A., Scarabis, M., & Gosejohann, S. (2005). The Effects of Self-Image Threat on the Judgment of Out-Group Targets. Swiss Journal of Psychology 64(2), 87-101.

来源

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  • Rogers, T.B., Kuiper, N.A., Kirker, W.S. (1977) Self-Reference and the Encoding of Personal Information, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 677-688.


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自我意像
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