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内啡肽

α-新内啡肽英语alpha-Neoendorphin的化学结构

内啡肽(endorphins)亦稱腦內啡腦內嗎啡[1],音譯安多酚,是可於動物體內自行生成的類阿片生物化學合成物,是由脊椎動物腦下垂體丘腦下部所分泌的氨基化合物()。

歷史

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在1975年,腦內啡分別由兩組獨立的研究人員同時發現。

  • 蘇格蘭的約翰·休斯(John Hughes)及漢斯·科斯特利茲(Hans Kosterlitz)首次由中發現有α(alpha)、β(beta)及γ(gamma)3種腦內啡。當時他們稱它為enkephalins(由大腦的希臘文εγκέφαλος, 變化而成)。
  • 同一時間,另一組美國研究人員Rabi Simantov和Solomon H. Snyder在中發現腦內啡。埃里·西門(Eric Simon)(日後發現人類體內的嗎啡受體)把它稱為 "endomorphin",是「內生嗎啡」的縮寫。事實上嗎啡本身並不是,但近期的研究發現,人類動物的肌肉細胞組織能產生嗎啡[2]

量變化的原因

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此章節尚無參考來源,內容或許無法查證

科學家對於審度人類體內的腦內啡水平有所爭論,現時關於腦內啡的大量數據是由動物的實驗結果得來的,不是由人類臨床實驗。因為人類實驗只能量度人體血漿內的腦內啡水平,這並不是真正量度中樞神經系統內的腦內啡水平。有些實驗利用一些類嗎啡的對抗藥(例如naloxone),間接地量度腦內啡水平。

運動

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跑步者的愉悅感英语Runner's high是指當運動量超過某一階段時,體內便會分泌腦內啡。長時間、連續、中等至高強度的運動、深呼吸也是分泌腦內啡的條件。長時間運動把肌肉內的糖原用盡,腦內啡便會分泌。這些運動包括跑步游泳越野滑雪羽毛球 、長距離划船、騎單車舉重有氧運動舞或球類運動(例如籃球足球美式足球)。

文內注釋

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  1. ^ 「腦內嗎啡」與健康. [2014-04-26]. (原始内容存档于2014-12-01). 
  2. ^ Grobe, Nadja; Lamshöft, Marc; Orth, Robert G.; Dräger, Birgit; Kutchan, Toni M.; Zenk, Meinhart H.; Spiteller, Michael. Urinary excretion of morphine and biosynthetic precursors in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010-05-04, 107 (18): 8147–8152 [2020-12-20]. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003423107. (原始内容存档于2021-06-24). 
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内啡肽
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