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腈配合物

[Cu(MeCN)4]+常与PF
6
成盐,是一种常见的过渡金属腈配合物。

腈配合物是含类配体的配位化合物。由于腈类具有弱碱性,腈配体在这些化合物中较不稳定。腈类是非质子溶剂,较水的性质更为简单。[1]

制备

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典型的腈配体有乙腈丙腈和苄腈等,它们也是常用的溶剂,可以作为合成这些配合物的介质。腈具有高介电常数,腈配阳离子通常在腈中可溶。

一些配合物可以通过在腈中溶解无水的金属盐制备。另一些情况,可以用NOBF4的腈溶液来氧化金属的悬浮液得到:[2]

Ni + 6 MeCN + 2 NOBF4 → [Ni(MeCN)6](BF4)2 + 2 NO

对于六羰基钼六羰基钨来说,NO与金属相连:[3]

M(CO)6 + 4 MeCN + 2 NOBF4 → [M(NO)2(MeCN)4](BF4)2
[Ni(MeCN)6]2+四氯锌酸盐ZnCl2−
4
)结构。[4]

例子

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许多均配型[5]腈类配合物以弱配位阴离子的盐的形式存在,例如:

  • 六氟磷酸四乙腈合铜(I) ([Cu(MeCN)4]PF6),无色固体,用作裸露的“Cu+”源
  • 二氯化二(苯甲腈)合钯 (PdCl2(PhCN)2),橙色固体,用作“PdCl2”源
  • 四氟硼酸六乙腈合铜(II) ([Ni(MeCN)6](BF4)2),蓝色固体,用作裸露的“Ni2+”源
  • 四(四氟硼酸)八乙腈合二钼(或十乙腈) ([Mo2(MeCN)8/10](BF4)4),用作裸露的“Mo24+”源。相应的化合物Tc24+、Re24+和Rh24+的配合物也是已知的。
  • 三羰基三丙腈合钼(0) (Mo(CO)3(C2H5CN)3),用作“Mo(CO)3”源,相应的Cr和W的配合物是已知的。[6]

反应

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过渡金属配合物有着较多应用,这是因为腈可以快速解离,并且呈化学惰性。腈配阳离子对碳的亲核进攻敏感,因此,一些腈配合物可以催化腈类的水解,生成酰胺。另一方面,腈可以作为π-配体配位并进行氧化加成反应。[7]

过渡金属腈络合物在某些腈的金属催化反应(例如Hoesch反应和腈的氢化反应)中形成中间体。

参考文献

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  1. ^ Rach, S. F.; Kühn, F. E. Nitrile Ligated Transition Metal Complexes with Weakly Coordinating Counteranions and Their Catalytic Applications. Chemical Reviews. 2009, 109: 2061–2080. doi:10.1021/cr800270h. 
  2. ^ Robert A. Heintz; Jennifer A. Smith; Paul S. Szalay; Amy Weisgerber; And Kim R. Dunbar. 11. Homoleptic Transition Metal Acetonitrile Cations with Tetrafluoroborate or Trifluoromethanesulfonate Anions. Inorg. Synth.: 75–83. doi:10.1002/0471224502.ch2. 
  3. ^ Richard R. Thomas, Ayusman Sen. Acetonitrile Complexes of Selected Transition Metal Cations. Inorg. Synth.: 63–67. doi:10.1002/9780470132593.ch14. 
  4. ^ I. Sotofte; R. G. Hazell; S. E. Rasmussen. Hexaacetonitrilenickel(II) Tetrachlorozincate. A Crystal Structure with Serious Overlap in the Patterson Function. Acta Crystallogr., Sect.B: Struct. Crystallogr. Cryst. Chem. 1976, 32: 1692. doi:10.1107/S0567740876006249. 
  5. ^ homoleptic 注释. [2018-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-05). 
  6. ^ Gregory J. Kubas; Lori Stepan van der Sluys. Tricarbonyltris(Nitrile) Complexes of Cr, Mo, and W. Inorg. Synth. 1990, 28: 29–33. doi:10.1002/9780470132593.ch6. 
  7. ^ Churchill, D.; Shin, J. H.; Hascall, T.; Hahn, J. M.; Bridgewater, B. M.; Parkin, G. The Ansa Effect in Permethylmolybdenocene Chemistry:  A [Me2Si] Ansa Bridge Promotes Intermolecular C−H and C−C Bond Activation. Organometallics. 1999, 18: 2403–2406. doi:10.1021/om990195n. 
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腈配合物
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