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能管

日語寫法
日語原文能管
假名のうかん
平文式罗马字nōkan
最下方者为能管,上方8支为各種篠笛

能管是日本的一种传统高音横吹木管乐器,由制成。能管是由觀阿彌与其子世阿弥於15世纪创造,其时二人正致力於改良能剧形式田樂猿樂。能管不仅被应用在能剧中,还被应用於歌舞伎、寄席囃子和祇園囃子。明显的特征是具有“喉”(のど)这一结构。

构造

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能管整體看來是漸細的,无键,长39.1厘米,平均内径为1.7厘米,七指孔,孔周围用加固,材料與日本雅樂使用的龍笛相同,均為川竹(又稱苦竹、篠竹),有時也會用干燥的煤竹,煤竹是用烟熏过的竹子,这种表面碳化的竹子可以长时间的保存。一些情况下,会将竹子纵向切开,将里面坚硬的部分取出作为材料。材料会被切成渐细的长条,并用胶粘在一起,组成长圆锥形的管,管内部涂抹上厚漆,或是将劈开的竹条会被反向附在硬竹制内表面以提高音响效果,而现代的一些制作者会将蛋彩畫的内用涂料用於此处,以达到相同目的。外侧会用江户彼岸樱Prunus pendula)的栽培种蒲櫻(Prunus 'Kabazakura',又称樺櫻)的树皮卷绕包裹并涂漆。

吹口与第一指孔间的部分被称为“喉”,其内插入厚2-3毫米的竹管,特点是此部分较为狭细。这一部分的存在阻碍了十二平均律的共鳴模式,却构成了日本的各种音階和其他独特的音階,并使能管可以通过文丘里效应发出非常高亢强烈的、主要为高频谐波的音调,日语称为ヒシギ音。吹口的上方头管部会插入一个包裹有纸和蜡的铅制圆柱形物。

音调和音域

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能管的音域超过2个八度。传统上每支能管都是独一无二的,因为制造者在制造时都会做一点改造,这就导致每支能管的主音频率都是不同的。

參考文獻

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  • Ethnomusicology, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Sep., 1965), pp. 221-239

參見

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外部链接

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{{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}}
能管
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