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職權(英語:authority),是管理職位所擁有的發佈命令,以及期望命令被執行的一種權力。[1]大型企業會制訂職位說明的正式文件,上面列舉各種職位所擁有的權利與應負的責任,以及該職位在組織中與其他職位的關係,例如向誰報告、與誰接觸及對誰負責等。[2]
職權的來源
關於職權的來源,有如下幾種理論:
- 職權的形式理論:主張職權源自組織頂層,為企業所有者的私有財產權,層層下授經股東、股東大會、董事會、總經理、各級主管,以至於一般員工。
- 職權的接受理論:主張職權是由下而上,唯有部屬接受命令,其主管才實質獲得職權。
- 情勢職權論:當有危機發生時,在場的某些人物掌握情勢而採取行動,不論是否獲得正式授權,均已實質行使職權。
- 知識職權論:對某一狀況認識最多者,便能負責相關作業。[3]
職權的種類
職權分為直線職權、參謀職權和職能職權三種形式:
- 直線職權:主管指揮部屬的權力,也就是「指揮權」。
- 參謀職權:管理者僅擁有建議權或審核權,而沒有直接指揮的權力。
- 職能職權:參謀人員或某些主管所擁有的原屬直線主管的一部分權力。[1]
參考資料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 MBA智庫百科. [2016-03-07]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-07).
- ^ 許是祥譯,《企業管理:理論·方法·實務》,中華企業管理發展中心,第175頁
- ^ 許是祥譯,《企業管理:理論·方法·實務》,中華企業管理發展中心,第175-177頁
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