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耿恩-彼得森槽

耿恩-彼得森槽(英語:Gunn-Peterson trough)是類星體光譜天體光譜中的一個特徵,它是由星系際物質 (IGM)的中性造成的。槽的特徵是受到來自類星體波長小於萊曼α電磁發射紅移壓抑的發射線。詹姆斯·冈恩和布魯斯·彼德森在1965年就預測了這種效應[1]

第一次的發現

在預測之後的30年,還沒有發現遠到足以展現耿恩-彼得森槽的天體。直到2001年,羅伯特·貝克爾使用史隆數位巡天的資料發現一個紅移值I的類星體[2],才終於發現耿恩-彼得森槽。這篇論文還包括紅移為的類星體,和轉換到藍色一側的萊曼α線,以及許多通量中明顯的峰值。然而,紅移量為的類星體,在超越萊曼α線限制的通量為0,也就是說中性氫在IGM的分數必須已經大於10−3

再電離的證據

在紅移的類星體發現了槽,和在紅移低於的類星體中檢測不到槽的存在,對宇宙中的氫曾經從中性氫轉換成電離氫提出了強且有力的證據。在復合後,宇宙成為中性的,直到在宇宙中的第一個天體發出光和能量,將周圍的IGM 再電離。然而,光子對中性氫的散射截面積在接近萊曼α限制的能量是很高的,甚至有一小部份的中性氫會因為IGM的光深度太高而造成發射線的觀測受到抑制。儘管中性氫和電離氫的比例並不是特別的高,通過觀測到低流量的萊曼α限制,顯示宇宙是在再電離的最後階段。

WMAP太空船在2003年第一次釋放出來的資料,貝克測量再電離結束在,似乎與WMAP測量到的電子密度估計值有所衝突[3]。然而,WMAP在2006年發布的第三批資料,與再電離的極限和耿恩-彼得森槽之間的關連似乎有了更好的協調[4]

相關條目

參考資料

  1. ^ Gunn, J.E.; Peterson, B.A. On the Density of Neutral Hydrogen in Intergalactic Space. Astrophysical Journal. 1965, 142: 1633–1641. Bibcode:1965ApJ...142.1633G. doi:10.1086/148444. 
  2. ^ Becker, R. H.; et al.. Evidence For Reionization at z ~ 6: Detection of a Gunn-Peterson Trough In A z=6.28 Quasar. Astronomical Journal. 2001, 122 (6): 2850–2857. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2850B. arXiv:astro-ph/0108097可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/324231. 
  3. ^ Kogut, A.; et al.. First-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Temperature-Polarization Correlation. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2003, 148 (1): 161–173. Bibcode:2003ApJS..148..161K. arXiv:astro-ph/0302213可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/377219. 
  4. ^ Page, L.; et al.. Three-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Polarization Analysis. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2007, 170 (2): 335–376. Bibcode:2007ApJS..170..335P. arXiv:astro-ph/0603450可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/513699. 
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耿恩-彼得森槽
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