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翁主

朝鮮最後一位翁主德惠翁主,也是東亞最後一位獲封翁主位號者

翁主,為東亞漢字文化圈女性王族的位號,在中國琉球國朝鮮半島高麗王朝以及朝鮮王朝等都有所見。

中國

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翁主一號最早始於中國西漢,又稱王主,為諸侯之女的位號。翁即父,王即諸侯王,是指諸侯王嫁女時均親自主婚,和天子不為女主婚不同,因此稱之為翁主。[1]翁主一號在中國僅西漢有使用,其地位大致相當於後世的郡主。較著名的翁主有淮南王之女劉陵江都王之女劉細君楚王之孫女劉解憂等。

朝鮮半島

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翁主位號在朝鲜半岛始見於高麗王朝,為王女及後宮嬪御的位號。朝鲜王朝初期,國王庶女及嬪御皆能受封為翁主,後來僅冊封國王庶女為翁主,較國王嫡女的位號公主低一級。

朝鮮最後一位翁主是大韓帝國高宗之庶三女德惠翁主,她也是东亚最後一位獲封翁主位號者。但是她在1912年出生時,大韓帝國已滅亡,原來的朝鮮王室由日本改為李王家、成員稱為「王公族」;她是以高宗庶女的身份,在1921年由純宗封其為翁主;王公族制度下並不存在翁主位號,她在日本的正式身分是王族、婚後改為日本華族

琉球國

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在琉球國,王女以及王子之女皆稱為翁主;而有實際封地的翁主,若為王女則又稱按司加那志、若為王子之女則又稱按司。琉球最後一位翁主是第二尚氏王朝末代國王尚泰之四女嘉手苅翁主。琉球國滅亡後,尚泰王失去王位,被大日本帝國封為侯爵,此後出生的女兒再沒有冊封為翁主,但直至現在尚氏當主之女仍被部份琉球士族後裔尊稱為翁主。

参考文献

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  1. ^ 《漢書·高帝紀下》:"女子公主"唐顏師古注:“天子不親主婚,故謂之公主。諸王即自主婚,故其女曰翁主。翁者,父也,言父主其婚也。亦曰王主,言王自主其婚也。”

參見

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翁主
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