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緻密油

油氣井類型的概念圖。 垂直井從常規油氣儲層中生產(右)。 非常規地層生產的井:垂直煤層氣井(右二); 頁岩地層生產的水平井(中心); 緻密砂層生產的井(左)

緻密油(英語:Tight oil)(也稱為頁岩油、頁岩儲層油或輕質緻密油,簡稱 LTO)是在低滲透率而含油地層中的輕質原油,通常為頁岩或緻密砂岩[1]。 有經濟效益的緻密油地層生產,需要水力壓裂和水平井技術,與生產頁岩氣相同。緻密油與油頁岩(富含乾酪根的頁岩)或頁岩油(從油頁岩中提取的油)常被混淆[2][3][4]。因此,國際能源署建議使用“輕質緻密油”一詞來指代頁岩或其他滲透率非常低的地層生產的石油,而世界能源理事會的 2013 年世界能源報告則使用“緻密油”和“頁岩儲層油”[5]

特徵

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緻密油頁岩地層是非均質的,並且在相對較短的距離內變化很大。 壓裂緻密油藏可分為四個類型[6]。 I 型基質的孔隙度和滲透率很小——導致裂縫主導著儲存能力和流體流動路徑。 II 型基質孔隙度和滲透率低,但基質提供儲存能力,而裂縫提供流體流動路徑。 III 型是微孔儲層,基質孔隙度高,但基質滲透率低,因此在流體流動路徑中誘導裂縫占主導地位。 Ⅳ類為大孔隙儲層,基質孔隙度和滲透率高,基質既提供儲量,又提供流道,而裂縫僅提高滲透率。

即使在同一儲層,每口水平井,其採收量也可能不同,這使得對評估每口水平井的盈利能力變得困難。 從緻密地層開採石油需要儲層孔隙空間中至少有 15% 到 20% 的天然氣才能將石油驅向鑽孔; 僅含有石油的緻密儲層不能經濟地生產[7]。 海相地層含有較少的粘土並且更脆,因此比陸相地層更適合水力壓裂。含石英和碳酸鹽多的地層也適合水力壓裂[7]

鑽探

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開采的先決條件包括能夠獲得鑽探權,這在美國加拿大更容易,因為地下開采權利屬私人所有。 在美國和加拿大開采更容易,因爲所需專業知識和融資均以獲得,衆多的獨立運營的承包商都具有關鍵專業知識和合適鑽機,收集和運輸石油的基礎設施,以及和用於水力壓裂的水資源[7]

頁岩油(緻密油)資源的開發受到可用鑽機的限制:全球 2/3 的鑽機活躍於美國和加拿大,而其他地方的鑽機不太可能有水平鑽孔裝備。 鑽井密度是另一個制約因素,因為緻密油開發需要比常規石油更多的完井過程。 這些限制將成爲“歐洲不可逾越的環境障礙[8]

參考文獻

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  1. ^ Mills, Robin M. (2008). The myth of the oil crisis: overcoming the challenges of depletion, geopolitics, and global warming. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-0-313-36498-3.
  2. ^ IEA (29 May 2012). Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas. World Energy Outlook Special Report on Unconventional Gas (PDF). OECD. p. 21.
  3. ^ IEA (2013). World Energy Outlook 2013. OECD. p. 424. ISBN 978-92-64-20130-9.
  4. ^ Reinsalu, Enno; Aarna, Indrek (2015). "About technical terms of oil shale and shale oil" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal. 32 (4): 291–292. doi:10.3176/oil.2015.4.01. ISSN 0208-189X. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
  5. ^ World Energy Resources 2013 Survey (PDF). World Energy Council. 2013. p. 2.46. ISBN 9780946121298.
  6. ^ Allen, J.; Sun, S.Q. (2003). "Controls on Recovery Factor in Fractured Reservoirs: Lessons Learned from 100 Fractured Fields". SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. doi:10.2118/84590-MS.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). June 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  8. ^ "The Shale Oil Boom: a US Phenomenon" by Leonardo Maugeri, Harvard University, Geopolitics of Energy Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Discussion Paper 2013-05
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緻密油
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