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紧急下潜

紧急下潜潜艇的一种机动动作,要求艇只尽可能快地潜入水中以规避袭击。随着核动力潜艇的出现,从水面紧急下潜以规避袭击的做法在很大程度上已经过时了,因为前者通常都在水下行动。尽管如此,紧急下潜仍然是一种避免碰撞的标准机动。

柴油动力潜艇的紧急下潜需要船员间的精心协调。在第二次世界大战期间的德国U艇上,当艇长瞭望手英语Lookout发出“Alarm!”(警报!)的命令后,身处司令塔的军官会拉响警报铃,紧急下潜就此启动。所有船员将立即停止手中的工作,前往各自的潜浮战位。当瞭望手返回甲板下方并锁闭上层甲板舱口后,艇长或轮机长就会大声宣令:“Fluten”(注满水箱)。随着艏升降舵英语diving plane处于最大俯角,船员们会向前压载舱英语Ballast tank注水。通常情况下,所有可用的船员都尽可能地在艇内向前舱移动(“水平位势编制”)。这种额外的重量会使潜艇产生一个俯首的角度,因此它的冲力有助于将其拉到水面以下。几秒钟后,船员们再把后压载舱灌满,以防止俯首的角度把艇艉抬出水面。整套紧急下潜程序大致上是由轮机长进行协调。[1]

舱口和进气口在降至水面以下之前必须关闭。在此之前,柴油发动机也必须停机,否则它们将在几秒钟内将空气从艇内吸出。在采用直驱式机构的潜艇上,船员会将柴油发动机与螺旋桨轴分离,转而使用电动机推进。电动机高速运转以保持前进的动力。一旦所有舱口和进气口都关闭,水平舵(如同飞机的控制舵面)就会把潜艇拉到水面以下,并在所需的深度(通常在70到90米之间)将其调平。在一艘二战时期的潜艇上,对于训练有素的船员而言,整个机动只需30秒。[2]相比之下,一艘俄亥俄级弹道导弹潜艇可能需要长达5分钟才能从水面到达潜望深度。然而,如果需要,它也能够更快地完成;更小、更灵活的攻击型潜艇可以非常迅速地下潜。紧急下潜对于导弹潜艇无关紧要,因为它可以在水下长时间停留,而且在任何类型的敌方部队范围内都不会在水面上巡航。二战时期的潜艇(技术上是一种潜水器,因为它只能在有限的时间内潜水)在设计上要求将大部分时间花在水面上,因此需要能够在发现敌人时通过下潜“逃脱”。

在极端紧急情况下,潜艇必须迅速俯冲,以致于只能将瞭望员留在甲板上。例如U-68号英语German submarine U-68 (1940)在航空炸弹的袭击中紧急下潜时,4名瞭望手便被留在了顶部,其中仅1人幸存。[3]二战期间,美国潜艇指挥官霍华德·W·吉尔摩英语Howard W. Gilmore在受伤且无法离开鲈鱼号英语USS Growler (SS-215)艇桥的情况下仍下令紧急下潜("Take her down!"),阵亡后获追授荣誉勋章[4]

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ Diving Regulations for U-boats. Berlin: Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine. 1943: items 114 to 126. 
  2. ^ U-Boat Tactics: Evasion Tactics. www.uboataces.com. [2017-06-01]. 
  3. ^ Wise Jr, James. Sole Survivors of the Sea. New York: Naval Institute Press. 2013. ISBN 9781612513652. 
  4. ^ Whitman, Edward. Submarine Hero-Howard Walter Gilmore. Undersea Warfare Summer 1999 Vol. 1, No. 4. Chief of Naval Operations Submarine Warfare Division. [2011-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-16). 
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紧急下潜
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