第一艦隊 (大不列顛王國)
第一艦隊(英語:First Fleet)是由11艘英國船隻組成的艦隊,將第一批英國殖民者和囚犯送到主要領土之外的澳洲大陸。第一艦隊由2艘英國皇家海軍護航艦艇、3艘補給船和6艘囚犯運輸船組成,由英國皇家海軍上校亞瑟·菲利普帶領。艦隊人數總計超過1,400人(包含囚犯、海軍陸戰隊隊員、海員、城市文官和自由定居者),其中大部分人(707人)是囚犯,並有180人是女性。同時艦隊還攜帶大量貨物。1787年5月13日,亞瑟·菲利普率領第一艦隊從英格蘭樸茨茅斯出發,先是前往里約熱內盧,接著往東前往開普敦,並沿著南冰洋航行。
在經過250多天的航行時間,第一艦隊抵達澳洲新南威爾斯州植物學灣,行程超過24,000公里(15,000英里)。不過由於沒有找到適合登陸的港灣,第一艦隊繼續航行。1788年1月26日,第一艦隊在雪梨港登陸,並將該處建設流放地。登陸地點雪梨以政治家第一代雪梨子爵湯瑪斯·湯森命名,成為英國在澳洲首個定居點,也是歐洲在澳洲首個殖民地。第一艦隊成員也因而成為澳大利亞洲首批歐洲定居者,標誌著澳洲殖民歷史的開始。在這過後,英國不斷向澳洲運送囚犯,並在澳洲發展和定居。而第一艦隊登陸雪梨港的日子被定為澳洲日。
參考文獻
[编辑]- Bladen, F. M. (编). Historical Records of New South Wales. Vol. 2. Grose and Paterson, 1793–1795. Mona Vale: Lansdown Slattery. 1968. ISBN 978-0868330037.
- Frost, Alan; Moutinho, Isabel. The precarious life of James Mario Matra : voyager with Cook, American loyalist, servant of empire. The Miegunyah Press. 1995. ISBN 9780522846676.
- Frost, Alan. The First Fleet: the real story. Collingwood: Black Inc. 2012. ISBN 9781863955614.
- Gillen, Mollie. The Founders of Australia: a Biographical Dictionary of the First Fleet. Sydney: Library of Australian History. 1989. ISBN 978-0908120697.
- Hill, David. 1788: the brutal truth of the First Fleet: the biggest single migration the world had ever seen. North Sydney: Heinemann. 2008. ISBN 9781741667974.
- Lewis, Wendy; Balderstone, Simon; Bowan, John. Events That Shaped Australia 2. Frenchs Forest: New Holland. 2011. ISBN 9781742572246.
- Mundle, Rob. The First Fleet. Sydney: Harper Collins. 2014. ISBN 9780733332364.
- O'Brien, Eris. The Foundation of Australia (1786–1800)
2. London: Greenwood P. 1970. ISBN 9780837129686.
- Parker, Derek. Arthur Phillip: Australia's First Governor. Warriewood: Woodslane P. 2009. ISBN 9781921203992.
外部連結
[编辑]關於第一艦隊 (大不列顛王國) 的圖書館資源 |
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- Complete list of the convicts of the First Fleet (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Searchable database of First Fleet convicts (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The First Fleet – State Library of NSW (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- State Library of NSW – First Fleet Re-enactment Company records, 1978–1990: Presented by Drs Trish and Wally Franklin (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- State Library of NSW – First Fleet Re-enactment Voyage 1987-1988 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The First Fleet (1788) and The Re-enactment Fleet (1988) Some Untold History – Dr Wally Franklin and Dr Trish Franklin: An address to celebrate the 229th Anniversary of the sailing of the First Fleet from Portsmouth on 13th May 1787 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales - 古腾堡计划
- The Voyage of Governor Phillip To Botany Bay - 古腾堡计划
- Project Gutenberg Australia: The First Fleet (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Convict Records (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Convict Transportation Registers Database (Online) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) University of Queensland. Accessed 9 February 2015.
- "St. John's First Fleeters" 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期5 February 2018. in Michaela Ann Cameron (ed.), The St. John's Cemetery Project (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), (2018): an edited collection of biographies and profiles on the 50+ First Fleeters buried in Australia's oldest surviving European cemetery: St John's Cemetery, Parramatta
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