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符号函数

符號函數
性質
奇偶性 奇函數
定義域 (-∞,∞)
到達域
周期 N/A
特定值
當x=0 0
當x=+∞ 1
當x=-∞ -1
最大值 1
最小值 -1
其他性質
渐近线 N/A
0
臨界點 N/A
拐點 N/A
不動點 0,1,-1
符號函數的微分
由于已知的技术原因,图表暂时不可用。带来不便,我们深表歉意。
符號函數(藍色)、符號函數的微分(橘色),其中,符號函數的微分正好是2倍的狄拉克δ函数

符號函數Sign function,簡稱sgn)是一個邏輯函數,用以判斷實數的正號。為避免和英文讀音相似的正弦函數(sine)混淆,它亦稱為Signum function。其定義為:

性质

艾佛森括號定義:

任何實數都可以表示為其絕對值和符號函數的積:

若x不為零,可以由上式得出符號函數的另一個定義:

符號函數是絕對值函數的導數:

除了在0,符號函數可微分,其導數為0。透過一般化微分概念,可以說符號函數的導數是狄拉克δ函數的兩倍:

它和單位步階函數的關係:

推广到复数

符號函數可以推廣到複數:對於任意

对于任何z,除了z = 0以外。复数z的符号函数,是复平面上中心为原点单位圆上距离z最近的点。那么,对于z ≠ 0,有:

其中arg表示辐角
出于对称的原因,并且为了实现对实数的符号函数的适当推广,对于z = 0,也常常在复数域中定义:

符号函数在复数范围的另外一个推广是csgn函数,定义为:

即是在一四象限及 xy 轴正半轴為1,二三象限及 xy 轴负半轴为-1,原点為0。
对于 csgn,我们有(除了z = 0以外):

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符号函数
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