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怒蛇

怒蛇 𒈲𒄭𒄊
佩加蒙博物館收藏的关于怒蛇的浅浮雕

怒蛇(一作木什胡什[1];英语:Mušḫuššusirrušusirrush)是巴比伦城的伊什塔爾城門的浅浮雕上描绘的一种生物。这些浮雕从公元前六世纪起就装饰在城墙上。怒蛇的形象是由若干种真实生物组合而成。头、颈、身躯以蛇鳞覆盖,四肢则是前足为狮足,后足为鹰足;头部生角、有冠,舌头如蛇一般分叉,颈部修长;尾巴细长,末端为蝎子尾巴的蝎针。

“Muš-ḫuššu”一詞是阿卡德语,可粗略譯作“大蛇”;根據《阿卡德語簡明辭典》(A concise dictionary of Akkadian),“Muš-ḫuššu”解作「蛇龍」(serpent-dragon)[2];而别称“sir-ruššu”则出于早期亚述学研究者的錯誤音译。[3]

起源

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伊什塔尔城门

在古巴比伦神话中,怒蛇出现在创世神话里,是混沌母神迪亚马特创造出来的怪物之一,用来与主神马尔杜克战斗。

怒蛇是希腊神话中的九头蛇许德拉的原型,而许德拉也是天文学中的长蛇座取名的来源。

在《圣经》次经但以理书补篇第三:彼勒与大龙中,提到的大龙,可能是怒蛇, 因为文中提到的“王”是指尼布甲尼撒,新巴比伦国王。在补篇中提到的彼勒是尼布甲尼撒时代崇拜的神,而大龙是巴比伦人所崇拜的[4]

神秘动物学的研究

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于1902年发现伊什塔尔城门的德国考古学家罗伯特·科尔德威(Robert Koldewey)斷定,城门上怒蛇的形象是对某种真实存在的动物的描绘。他的论据是:幾個世紀以來,巴比伦文化中有關怒蛇的描绘都没有明显的变化,但其他神话生物卻隨時間而改变,有些更改變得很徹底。他亦指出,伊斯塔尔城门旁邊通道上所刻的浮雕都是实際存在的动物,如原牛、狮子,因此他猜测,怒蛇是古巴比伦人所熟悉的动物。然而,浮雕中怒蛇的前足具有明显的猫科动物的特征,这使得科尔德威的猜测存在疑点。儘管如此,科尔德威仍然在1918年發表文章,指禽龙(一种后肢有禽类特征的恐龙)是最接近怒蛇形象的生物[5]

有“神秘生物学之父”之称的伯纳德·霍伊维尔曼(Bernard Heuvelmans)曾以神秘生物学的角度著書研究怒蛇這種傳說生物。[6]

参见

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参考资料与来源

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  1. ^ 魯剛主編(1989年):《世界神話辭典》,沈陽:遼寧人民出版社,85頁,ISBN 7-205-00960-X
  2. ^ Black, J., George, A, Postgate, N (2000): A concise dictionary of Akkadian, p. 222.
  3. ^ The Assyrian Dictionary, vol. 10 part II, p. 270.
  4. ^ Daniel / Bel and the Dragon / Nebuchadnezzar's Dragon页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),www.theserenedragon.net,2011年6月28日访问.
  5. ^ (瑞典文)Bengt Sjögren (1980). Berömda vidunder, Settern ISBN 91-7586-023-6
  6. ^ Mysterious creatures: a guide to cryptozoology, Volume 1, George M. Eberhart, ABC-CLIO, 2002, p. 2003

  • Jerome Clark (1993). Unexplained! 347 Strange Sightings, Incredible Occurrences, and Puzzling Physical Phenomena. Detroit: Visible Ink Press.
  • Bernard Heuvelmans (1958). On The Track Of Unknown Animals. New York: Hill and Wang.
  • Willy Ley (1959). Exotic Zoology. New York: Viking Press.
  • Karl Shuker (1995). In Search of Prehistoric Survivors. London: Blandford. ISBN 0-7137-2469-2

外部链接

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怒蛇
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