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后稷 (称号).
后稷,是中国上古的农官名,也是农神、五穀神的称号[1]:116。
炎帝烈山氏掌管天下的时候,他的儿子柱能种植各种谷物和蔬菜,被尊为谷神,夏朝之前被人祭祀;夏朝兴起后,周部落的弃继承了柱的事业,也被尊为稷神,自商朝以后受到人们的祭祀。[2][3][4]
弃的子孙世袭后稷的官职,传至不窋,大概在孔甲时代[5],夏朝衰落,废去了农官不顾农事,不窋因此而失去官职,就流浪到了戎狄地区定居下来。[6][7]
- ^ 晁福林. 《夏商西周的社会变迁》. 中国北京: 北京师范大学出版社. 1996年6月. ISBN 7-303-04144-3 (中文(中国大陆)).
- ^ 《国语·鲁语上》:昔烈山氏之有天下也,其子曰柱,能殖百谷百蔬;夏之兴也,周弃继之,故祀以为稷。
- ^ 《左传·昭公二十九年》:此其二祀也。后土为社;稷,田正也。有烈山氏之子曰柱,为稷,自夏以上祀之。周弃亦为稷,自商以来祀之。
- ^ 《礼记·祭法》:是故厉山氏之有天下也,其子曰农,能殖百穀。夏之衰也,周弃继之,故祀以为稷。
- ^ 《国语集解·周语上》:汪远孙曰:弃与不窋,远孙既断其非父子矣,夏之衰亦不当是大康,盖谓孔甲时也。史记夏本纪:“帝孔甲立,夏后氏德衰,诸侯畔之。”国语亦言:“孔甲乱夏,四世而陨。”刘敬言:“公刘避桀。”公刘是不窋之孙,桀是孔甲曾孙,时代正合。元诰案:戴说同。
- ^ 《国语·周语上》:昔我先王世后稷,以服事虞、夏。及夏之衰也,弃稷不务,我先王不窋用失其官,而自窜于戎、狄之间,不敢怠业,时序其德,纂修其绪,修其训典,朝夕恪勤,守以敦笃,奉以忠信,奕世载德,不忝前人。
- ^ 《史记·周本纪》:不窋末年,夏后氏政衰,去稷不务,不窋以失其官而奔戎狄之间。
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