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科科利兹利流行病

十六世纪墨西哥人口变化图。科科利兹利流行病导致墨西哥人口锐减。

科科利兹利流行病(英文:Cocoliztli epidemics),或科科利兹特利流行病,是对16世纪发生在南美洲新西班牙殖民地(今墨西哥地区)流行病疫情的总称。[1][2] 疫情的病因不明,可能包含有多种流行病,主要症状包括高烧和耳鼻流血,当地的阿兹特克人将此病称为“科科利兹特利(Cocoliztli)”,意味“瘟疫”(纳瓦特尔语)。[1][2][3][4][5]

此次疫情分为两波,共造成了700万 - 1750万人死亡,是历史上致死人数最多的流行病之一,也是墨西哥历史上最严重的流行病疫情。[1][2][3] 第一波疫情爆发于1545年-1548年间,造成死亡500万-1500万人(约80%的墨西哥人口);第二波疫情爆发于1576年-1578年间,造成死亡200万-250万人(约50%的墨西哥人口)。[1][2]

有历史学家认为,该流行病可能是天花斑疹伤寒麻疹,但实际症状并不一致。[6] 也有人认为是病毒性出血热,而当时严重的旱情加重了疫情。[1][4] 当代科学研究认为,沙门氏菌感染症至少是科科利兹利流行病中的一种,由当时的欧洲殖民者带入。[3][4][5][7]

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Acuna-Soto, Rodolfo; Stahle, David W.; Cleaveland, Malcolm K.; Therrell, Matthew D. Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002-4, 8 (4): 360–362 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 2730237可免费查阅. PMID 11971767. doi:10.3201/eid0804.010175. (原始内容存档于2021-02-17). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Rodofo Acuna-Soto, David W. Stahle, Matthew D. Therrell, Richard D. Griffin, Malcolm K. Cleaveland. When half of the population died: the epidemic of hemorrhagic fevers of 1576 in Mexico. FEMS Microbiology Letter. 2004, 240 (1) [2020-12-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-08). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 法媒:科学家发现阿兹特克文明或毁于“肠热病”. 参考消息. 新浪. 2018-01-17 [2020-12-15]. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Angus Chen. One of history's worst epidemics may have been caused by a common microbe. 《科学》(Science). 2018-01-16 [2020-12-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-19) (英语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 史上最嚴重的 20 次流行病——從史前到現代. ChainNews. [2020-12-15] (中文(繁體)). [失效連結]
  6. ^ Eisa Malvido, Carlos Viesca. La epidemia de cocoliztli de 1576 (PDF). (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-29). 
  7. ^ Vågene, Åshild J.; Campana, Michael G.; García, Nelly M. Robles; Warinner, Christina; Spyrou, Maria A.; Valtueña, Aida Andrades; Huson, Daniel; Tuross, Noreen; Herbig, Alexander. Salmonella enterica genomes recovered from victims of a major 16th century epidemic in Mexico. bioRxiv. 2017-02-08: 106740 [2020-12-15]. doi:10.1101/106740. (原始内容存档于2021-02-12) (英语). 
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科科利兹利流行病
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