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划界问题

划界问题(英語:demarcation problem)是科学哲学中的重要问题,研究如何区分科学与非科学(包括伪科学形而上学以及文学艺术信仰等其他非科学)的划界标准。[1][2][3][4]卡尔·波普尔称其为科学哲学的核心问题。

20世纪初逻辑实证主义者发展出的证实主义英语verificationism理论认为可证实性是区分科学与形而上学的标准。他们认为一个陈述只有在经验中得到证实,才是有意义的、是科学的。[5]卡尔·波普尔则提出了与可证实性相对的可证伪性,认为是否可被经验证伪才是判断科学与否的标准。[6]此外,他认为这是一个划界标准,而非逻辑实证主义中的意义标准。

此后,托马斯·库恩在其代表作《科学革命的结构》中提出的范式转移理论,则将科学发展分为常规科学英语normal science与非常规科学。他指出在常规科学时期科学共同体在已有的一套范式中从事解难题活动,是区分科学与其他领域的标准。[6]拉卡托什·伊姆雷则批判地继承了被其称为“朴素证伪主义”的波普尔思想,同时借鉴了库恩范式理论,从而发展出了精致证伪主义的研究纲领方法论,提出将研究纲领是进步的还是退步的作为划界标准。与逻辑实证主义与波普尔证伪主义不同,库恩与拉卡托什的科学划界标准都是历史的与相对的。

保罗·费耶阿本德拉里·劳丹英语Larry Laudan等科学哲学家则主张消解划界问题。费耶阿本德就认为不应该划分科学与非科学[7],劳丹则认为划分问题是个虚假的问题,这样的标准是无法找到的。[2]

除此之外,保罗·萨伽德马里奥·邦格等则分别提出了多元的划界标准。与科学哲学传统中单一的划界标准不同,他们各自都给出了一组若干条评判标准来区别科学与非科学。[8][9]

註釋

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  1. ^ Resnik, David B. A pragmatic approach to the demarcation problem. Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 2000, 31 (2): 249–267. doi:10.1016/S0039-3681(00)00004-2. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Laudan, Larry, The Demise of the Demarcation Problem, Cohen, R.S.; Laudan, L. (编), Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis: Essays in Honor of Adolf Grünbaum, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 76, Dordrecht: D. Reidel: 111–127, 1983 [2016-12-04], ISBN 90-277-1533-5, (原始内容存档于2020-08-02) 
  3. ^ Lakatos, I.; Feyerabend, P.; Motterlini, M. For and Against Method: Including Lakatos's Lectures on Scientific Method and the Lakatos-Feyerabend Correspondence. University of Chicago Press. 1999: 20 [2016-12-04]. ISBN 9780226467740. LCCN 99013581. (原始内容存档于2020-07-15). 
  4. ^ 冯契 (编). 《哲学大辞典·上》. 上海辞书出版社. 2007. 
  5. ^ Grayling, AC., Wittgenstein: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 67-68.. [2016-12-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-20). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Hansson, Sven Ove. Zalta, Edward N. , 编. Science and Pseudo-Science. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fall 2008. 4.2 Falsificationism. 2008 [2016-12-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-18). 
  7. ^ Taylor, C.A. Defining Science: A Rhetoric of Demarcation. Rhetoric of the Human Sciences Series. University of Wisconsin Press. 1996: 41 [2016-12-04]. ISBN 9780299150341. LCCN 96000180. (原始内容存档于2019-06-09). 
  8. ^ Why Astrology Is A Pseudoscience页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Paul R. Thagard, In Philosophy of Science Association 1978 Volume 1, edited by P.D. Asquith and I. Hacking (East Lansing: Philosophy of Science Association, 1978).
  9. ^ 陈健. 科学划界的多元标准. 自然辩证法通讯. 1996, (3) [2016-12-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-23). 

參考文獻

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  • Imre Lakatos, Alan Musgrave, (eds.): Problems in the Philosophy of Science. Proceedings of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science London 1965, vol. 3, Amsterdam 1968. (德文)
  • Imre Lakatos, Alan Musgrave: Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge 1970. (德文)
  • Imre Lakatos: Popper on Demarcation and Induction. in: Paul Arthur Schilpp, (ed.): The Philosophy of Karl Popper. Book I, La Salle, Ill. 1974. (德文)
  • Imre Lakatos: The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Cambridge 1978. (德文)

外部連結

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划界问题
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