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秋叶

11月末日本京都三千院内的红叶
十月份歐洲的紅葉
雞爪槭的落葉
林地的落叶堆

秋叶(fall foliage)指的是在秋季的几周内,落叶乔木及灌木正常绿叶受温度及日照改变而产生的现象。在较冷的秋季,叶色变黄、艳橙或红色,是因为温度降低及阳光减少会抑制叶绿素的产生而显现出辅助色素;而在温带、北方和季节性干燥区的叶子可能有季节性落叶,落叶后会在细枝上留下叶痕。

秋叶中,尤其“紅葉”在溫帶地區(如東北亞北美洲)是吸引觀光客的重要旅遊資源。

秋叶的变化主要有变色(discoloration)及脱落(abscission):

变色

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当秋季来临时,日照减少及气温降低使得叶基慢慢形成一层特殊的木栓细胞,进而使叶脉逐渐闭合,最后便无法供应水分及矿物质,叶绿素也随之降解,叶绿素内的氮元素及其他养分,会被回收而转运至茎与根。残留的色素中,若花色素苷较多,则叶片呈红色;若类胡萝卜素较多,则呈黄色或橙色;此两色素的降解都很缓慢。

脱落

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当光合作用因叶绿素降解而减少,叶柄基部会分化为离区(abscission zone)。离区分为两部分,远端称作间隔层或离层(separation layer or abscission layer),近端称作保护层(protective layer);离层则又由两层类似形成层的细胞组成,离层内的细胞接着发生化学变化,使上下部细胞彼此容易分离,接着便落叶。

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秋叶
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