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社会行动.
社会行动或行动、行为(英語:social action,action or act德語:Handeln)在社会学上区别于简单的生物性的对于刺激的反应行为(英語:behaviour德語:Verhalten)1,特指具有针对他人的主观动机并以他人为取向产生影响的行动。在社会行动中,行为人考虑他人的行动和反应,并基于这种考虑而调整自身的行动。
概念
社会行动的社会学意义主要在于它包含了行为意图、意识与目标。帕森斯(T. Parsons)(1937)认为行动是社会学分析的基本单位,并包含如下四个要素:(1)行动者或中介:行动主体。(2)目的,结果:行动的未来状态。(3)情景:包含行动的条件与手段。(4)规范:包括思想、观念与行为取向等制约行动的发展,影响手段的选择。米德(G. H. Mead)(1938)则用冲动、情景与完成的定义来规定行动的概念:一个行动是一个冲动。这冲动是以选择它需要的某种刺激去维持生命过程。因此,生物创造了它的环境,刺激是冲动表达的需要。……理智是刺激的选择——有关使生命得以维持和帮助再建立自由的选择。
对于行动与反应行为的基本区别源于马克斯·韦伯(1968),他并将社会学定义为理解行为意义的科学。舒茨(1972)则认为社会行动的概念远比韦伯的区分所揭示的内容复杂。例如,将意义赋予行动与情景究竟何指并不明确。除此之外,行动必然具有行动者,而至今尚未对行动者具体所指进行充分说明,例如,某些宗教系统所进行的祭祖行动中的先祖都不是活的存在。另外,现代社会的组织被认为具有法定个性,因而也就具有了行动者的身份。
注释
^ 注解1:
在汉语里并没有直接区别对应于act 和behaviour 这组概念的词,“行为”同时被用来对应两者。
参考文献
- Nicholas Abercrombie, 1994, The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, London, Penguin.
- Mead, G. H.(米德), 1938, The Philosophy of the Act(《行为哲学》), Chicago University Press.
- Parsons,T.(帕森斯)1937, The Structure of Social Action(《社会行动的结构》), New York, McGraw-Hill.
- Webber, M.(韦伯), 1968, Economy and Society(《经济与社会》), New York, Badminster.
- 侯俊生主编,2001,西方社会学理论教程,天津:南开大学出版社。
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