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皇極經世.
《皇極經世》,北宋邵雍撰,是一部河洛數術之書。《皇极经世书》共十二卷六十四篇。首六卷《元会运世》三十四篇,次四卷《声音律品》十六篇,次《观物内篇》十二篇,末《观物外篇》二篇。《四庫全書》稱其“辭約而義廣,天下之能事畢矣。”
邵雍窮三十年之精神,觀察天地自然之消長,推究宇宙萬物之原理,深研人事之變化,運用伏羲先天易數,把自然和人事加以有系統的組織,形成一種以數理為基礎的哲學。邵雍之子邵伯溫解釋《皇極經世》的意義:「至大之謂皇,至中之謂極,至正之謂經,至變之謂世,大中至正應變無方之謂道」,故「皇極經世」四字就是「道」的意思[1]:11:
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《皇極經世》一書,凡十二卷:
- 其一至二卷,總元會運世之數,易所謂天地之數也。
- 三至四卷,以會經運,列世數與歲甲子,下紀帝堯於五代歷年表,以見天下離合治亂之跡,以天時而驗人事者也。
- 五至六卷,以運經世,列世數與歲甲子,下紀自堯帝至於五代,書傳所載興廢治亂得失邪正之跡,以人事而驗天時也。
- 自七至十卷,則以陰陽剛柔之數,窮律呂聲音之數;以律呂聲音之數,窮動植飛走之數——易所謂萬物之數也。
- 其十一至十二卷,則論「皇極經世」之所以為書,窮日、月、星、辰、飛、走、動、植之數,以盡天地萬物之理,述皇帝、王霸之事,以明大中至正之道,陰陽之消長,古今之治亂,較然可見矣。
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- 天地終始之數
邵雍認為天以一元為極限,地以一歲為極限。當一元、一歲盡時,週而復始。
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“天地之數,窮於八八,故元會運世、歲月日辰之數極於六十四也。
- 陽數以三十起者,一月有三十日,一世有三十年也,
- 陰數以十二起者,一日有十二辰,一歲有十二月也。
- 天地之數,至於八八遂窮乎,曰窮則變,變則生,蓋生生而不窮者也。……”——西山蔡氏
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“《經世》天地終始之數,以十二、三十反覆乘之也。
- 元之元一,
- 元之會十二,是以十二乘一也;
- 元之運三百六十,是以三十乘十二也;
- 元之世四千三百二十,是以十二乘三百六十也;……以下倣此。”——元代黃瑞節
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“……此《皇極經世》一元之數也,
- 一元象一年,
- 十二會,象十二月,
- 三百六十運,象三百六十日,
- 四千三百二十世,象四千三百二十時也。
- 蓋一年有十二月,三百六十日,四千三百二十時故也。
- 《經世》一元,十二會,三百六十運,四千三百二十世,
- 一世三十年,是為十二萬九千六百年,是為《皇極經世》一元之數。一元在大化之間猶一年也。
- ……使人引而申之,可至於終而復始也。其法皆十二、三十相乘,十二、三十,日月之數也。”——邵伯溫
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據推算,“一元之數”為129,600年,而“天地終始之數”為559,872,000[1]:73-75(五億五千九百八十七萬二千)。
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