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疊層石

澳洲西部鯊魚灣的現代疊層石。
前寒武紀的疊層石,位於美國冰河國家公園

疊層石(英語:Stromatolite,或稱層疊石,源自希臘文strōmalithos)可定義為「從某一點或有限的表面開始增生,並聚集石化,形成逐漸增大的沉澱物生成構造」。自然界中有許多不同型態的疊層石,包括圓錐狀、層狀、分枝狀、圓頂狀或圆柱狀等。

一般認為疊層石是由一些微生物,尤其是藍綠菌(舊稱藍綠藻)所黏結堆砌而成,不過事實上古代的疊層石只有少數含有微生物化石。關於如何有效辨識生物性與非生物疊層石,是地質學的研究對象之一。地球上有許多形成於前寒武紀的疊層石,其中較早的(如太古元)可能是單細胞藍菌聚落所遺留的化石;較晚的(如顯生元)則可能為真核綠藻的早期型態。而澳洲西部最古老的藍綠菌疊層石為35億年。

現代疊層石主要可見於鹽湖潟湖當中,這些極端地帶較缺乏動物的覓食,例如澳洲西部的鯊魚灣哈美林池​(英语。此外位於墨西哥北部沙漠的Cuatro Ciénegas英语Cuatro Ciénegas,也有發現一些處於淡水之中的疊層石。

形成

藍菌光合作用,周圍的二氧化碳開始減少,產生了碳酸鈣的沉澱。這些沉澱物被一層細菌的菌落周圍的黏液抓住,這個過程不斷進行,就變成了一層層的菌體和沉澱物的組合,也就是疊層石。

參考文獻

外部連結

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疊層石
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